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==Coastal systems== [[File:Erosion and siltation map of coastal Bangladesh (1989 to 2018).jpg|thumb|Morphological changes: the process of erosion and acceleration in the coastal area of Bangladesh between 1989 and 2018<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2020|title=Coastal morphological changes: Assessing long-term ecological transformations across the northern Bay of Bengal|journal=Environmental Challenges|language=en|volume=1|pages=100001|doi=10.1016/j.envc.2020.100001|issn=2667-0100|doi-access=free|last1=Uddin|first1=Kabir|last2=Khanal|first2=Nishanta|last3=Chaudhary|first3=Sunita|last4=Maharjan|first4=Sajana|last5=Thapa|first5=Rajesh Bahadur}}</ref>]] Bangladesh coastal areas are covering the south part of Bangladesh. The main rivers of Bangladesh derived from the Himalayas carry a high level of sediment and deposit it across the Bay of Bengal. This has led to major changes in the coastal region between 1989 and 2018. Over 30 years of morphological changes many islands are losing land area. However, there has been an overall net gain in the land area due to the regular acceleration process in other parts of those islands. In the west, new islands were found, but no significant changes were observed. At the mouth of the Meghna estuary, noticeable variable changes have been observed with the formation of many new islands. In 1989, the land area was only 28835 km<sup>2</sup> (56.06%), while the water area was 22600 km<sup>2</sup> (43.94%) with the region falling among 20Β° 34' N to 26Β°38 N and 88Β° 01' E to 92Β° 41' E, and with an area of 147,570 km<sup>2</sup>. In 2018, the land area increased to 29426 km<sup>2</sup> (57.21%); an increase of 590 km<sup>2</sup> (1.15%). The land area in 1999 and 2009 was 56.49% and 56.68%, respectively, with a total increase of 0.19%. The island reformation tendency showed that the new land area increased every year by an average of 20 km<sup>2</sup> (0.038) along the coastal region of Bangladesh. Plant growth has been observed in the newly formed islands over a period of 30 years. In the early stages, the islands are usually muddy waste areas that gradually changed into grasslands and Trees.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Uddin |first1=Kabir |last2=Nishanta |first2=Khanal |last3=Sunita |first3=Chaudhary |last4=Sajana |first4=Maharjan |last5=Rajesh Bahadur |first5=Thapa |title=Coastal morphological changes: Assessing long-term ecological transformations across the northern Bay of Bengal |journal=Environmental Challenges |date=1 December 2020 |volume=1 |pages=100001 |doi=10.1016/j.envc.2020.100001 |language=en |issn=2667-0100 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A recent global [[remote sensing]] analysis suggested that there were 2,262 km<sup>2</sup> of tidal flats in Bangladesh and is therefore ranked 14th in terms of how much tidal flat occurs there.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=N.J. |last2=Phinn |first2=S.R. |last3=DeWitt |first3=M. |last4=Ferrari |first4=R. |last5=Johnston |first5=R. |last6=Lyons |first6=M.B. |last7=Clinton |first7=N. |last8=Thau |first8=D. |last9=Fuller |first9=R.A. |title=The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats |journal=Nature |date=2019 |volume=565 |issue=7738 |pages=222β225 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8 |pmid=30568300 |s2cid=56481043 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0805-8 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124213205/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0805-8 |url-status=live}}</ref> The analysis showed that the tidal flats of the Meghna River estuary have undergone considerable geomorphological change over a 33-year period, from 1984 to 2016, now only occurring in 17.1% of their initial extent despite expanding in area by 20.6%.
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