Editing Gentrification (section)

===Displacement===
{{unbalanced|date=September 2024|section|small=yes}}
[[File:Mexico City's Roma neighborhood gentrification 2016.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|A building in [[Mexico City]] left without repainting, to encourage residents to move out, beside an [[High-tech architecture|ultra-modern]] [[loft]] tower]]
{{see also|Community displacement}}

Displacement is often seen as a key effect of gentrification, although evidence is mixed as to whether gentrification leads to displacement (or even reduces displacement) and under which circumstances.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Florida |first=Richard |date=2015-09-08 |title=The Complex Connection Between Gentrification and Displacement |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-08/the-complex-relationship-between-gentrification-and-displacement |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Newman|Wyly|2006|p=23}} In 2005, ''[[USA Today]]'' claimed that gentrification is a "boost for everyone" based on the impact of some recent studies and that displacement that arises is minimal, or caused by other factors. Some scholars have disputed these assertions, arguing that such studies distort facts and used limited datasets.{{sfn|Newman|Wyly|2006|p=24}} In 2002, economist Jacob Vigdor wrote, "Overall, existing literature has failed to convincingly demonstrate that rates of involuntary displacement are higher in gentrifying neighborhoods."<ref name=":5" />

A 2018 study found evidence that gentrification displaces renters, but not homeowners.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=Isaac William |last2=Beck |first2=Kevin |title=Gentrification, Property Tax Limitation, and Displacement |journal=Urban Affairs Review |date=January 2018 |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=33–73 |doi=10.1177/1078087416666959 |s2cid=157152566 }}</ref> The displacement of low-income rental residents is commonly referenced as a negative aspect of gentrification by its opponents.<ref>{{harvnb|Quastel |2009}}{{pages needed|date=April 2019}}; {{harvnb|Murdie |Teixeira |2009}}{{pages needed|date=April 2019}}; {{harvnb|Maloutas |2011}}{{pages needed|date=April 2019}};  {{harvnb|Hackworth|2002}}{{pages needed|date=April 2019}}; {{harvnb|Dobson |2007 }}{{pages needed|date=April 2019}}; {{harvnb|Belanger |2012}}{{pages needed|date=April 2019}}</ref> A 2022 study found evidence that gentrification leads to greater residential mobility.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Hyojung |last2=Perkins |first2=Kristin L |date=2022 |title=The Geography of Gentrification and Residential Mobility |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soac086 |journal=Social Forces |volume=101 |issue=4 |pages=1856–1887 |doi=10.1093/sf/soac086 |issn=0037-7732}}</ref>

In the United States, a 2023 study by Princeton University sociologists found that "eviction rates decreased more in gentrifying neighborhoods than in comparable low-income neighborhoods."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hepburn |first1=Peter |last2=Louis |first2=Renee |last3=Desmond |first3=Matthew |date=2024 |title=Beyond Gentrification: Housing Loss, Poverty, and the Geography of Displacement |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad123 |journal=Social Forces|volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=880–901 |doi=10.1093/sf/soad123 |pmid=38229933 |pmc=10789166 }}</ref> A 2016 study found "that vulnerable residents, those with low credit scores and without mortgages, are generally no more likely to move from gentrifying neighborhoods compared with their counterparts in nongentrifying neighborhoods."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ding |first1=Lei |last2=Hwang |first2=Jackelyn |last3=Divringi |first3=Eileen |title=Gentrification and residential mobility in Philadelphia |journal=Regional Science and Urban Economics |date=November 2016 |volume=61 |pages=38–51 |doi=10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2016.09.004 |pmid=28579662 |pmc=5450830 }}</ref> A 2017 study by sociology professor [[Matthew Desmond]], who runs Princeton University's Eviction Lab, "found no evidence that renters residing in gentrifying or in racially- and economically-integrated neighborhoods had a higher likelihood of eviction."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Desmond |first1=Matthew |last2=Gershenson |first2=Carl |date=2017 |title=Who gets evicted? Assessing individual, neighborhood, and network factors |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0049089X16300977 |journal=Social Science Research |volume=62 |pages=362–377 |doi=10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.08.017 |pmid=28126112 |issn=0049-089X}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> A 2020 study which followed children from low-income families in New York found no evidence that gentrification was associated with changes in mobility rates. The study also found "that children who start out in a gentrifying area experience larger improvements in some aspects of their residential environment than their counterparts who start out in persistently low-socioeconomic status areas."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dragan |first1=Kacie |last2=Ellen |first2=Ingrid Gould |last3=Glied |first3=Sherry |date=2020 |title=Does gentrification displace poor children and their families? New evidence from medicaid data in New York City |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0166046219302194 |journal=Regional Science and Urban Economics |volume=83 |pages=103481 |doi=10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2019.103481 |issn=0166-0462}}</ref> A 2023 study by economists at the W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research and Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia found that the construction of new large apartment buildings in low-income neighborhoods lead to an influx of high-income households but also decrease rents in nearby units by increasing housing supply.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Asquith |first1=Brian J. |last2=Mast |first2=Evan |last3=Reed |first3=Davin |date=2023-03-03 |title=Local Effects of Large New Apartment Buildings in Low-Income Areas |url=https://direct.mit.edu/rest/article/105/2/359/100977/Local-Effects-of-Large-New-Apartment-Buildings-in |journal=The Review of Economics and Statistics |language=en |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=359–375 |doi=10.1162/rest_a_01055 |issn=0034-6535}}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, recent studies suggest that gentrification leads to ''exclusionary'' displacement &ndash; i.e. preventing low-income households from moving to an area due to high rent/home prices &ndash; but less so for ''direct'' displacement &ndash; forcing low-income households to move out of an area due to high rent/home prices.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fransham |first=Mark |date=2020 |title=Neighbourhood gentrification, displacement, and poverty dynamics in post-recession England |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/psp.2327 |journal=Population, Space and Place |language=en |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=e2327 |doi=10.1002/psp.2327 |issn=1544-8452}}</ref> Often, a lack of low-level migration data limits displacement-based research.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reades |first=Jonathan |last2=Lees |first2=Loretta |last3=Hubbard |first3=Phil |last4=Lansley |first4=Guy |date=2023-06-01 |title=Quantifying state-led gentrification in London: Using linked consumer and administrative records to trace displacement from council estates |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0308518X221135610 |journal=Environment and Planning A |language=EN |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=810–827 |doi=10.1177/0308518X221135610 |issn=0308-518X}}</ref>