Editing Gadolinium (section)

==History==
Gadolinium is named after the mineral [[gadolinite]]. Gadolinite was first chemically analyzed by the Finnish chemist [[Johan Gadolin]] in 1794.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gadolin |first1=Johan |title=Undersokning af en svart tung Stenart ifrån Ytterby Stenbrott i Roslagen |journal=Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar [Royal Academy of Science's New Proceedings] |date=1794 |volume=15 |pages=137–155 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/180081#page/143/mode/1up |trans-title=Examination of a black heavy type of stone from Ytterby Quarry in Roslagen |language=Swedish}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gadolin |first1=J. |title=Von einer schwarazen, schweren Steinart aus Ytterby Steinbruch in Roslagen in Schweden |journal=Chemische Annalen für die Freunde der Naturlehre, Arzneygelahrtheit, Haushaltungskunst und Manufakturen [Chemical Annals for the Friends of Science, Medicine, Domestic Economy and Manufacture] |date=1796 |volume=1 |pages=313–329 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951000637445g&seq=319 |trans-title=Of a black, heavy type of stone from the Ytterby quarry in Roslagen in Sweden |language=German}}</ref> In 1802 German chemist Martin Klaproth gave gadolinite its name.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Klaproth |first1=Martin Heinrich |title=Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper |trans-title=Contribution to Our Knowledge of Mineral Substances |date=1802 |publisher=Heinrich August Rottmann |location=Berlin, (Germany) |pages=52–79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZU5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA54 |language=German |chapter=Ch. LXXVI: Chemische Untersuchung des Gadolinits [Ch. 76: Chemical investigation of gadolinite }}  Because Gadolin had found a new ore (''"einer unbekannten Erdart"'' (an unknown type of ore)) in a mineral which had previously been called "Ytterbite" (because it had been found near the town of Ytterby in Sweden), Klaproth proposed to rename the mineral "Gadolinite".  From p. 54:  ''"Herr Gadolin hat also das Verdienst, diese neue Erde im gegenwärtigen Fossil zuerst entdeckt zu haben; weshalb ich auch, mit mehrern Naturforschern, dessen Namen Gadolinit der erstern Benennung Ytterbit vorziehe."''  (Mr. Gadolin thus has the merit of having first discovered this new ore in the present rock; for which reason I, with several [other] scientists, prefer the name "gadolinite" to the first name "ytterbite".) Klaproth used the name "gadolinite" as early as 1801:  {{cite journal |last1=Klaproth |title=Einige Bemerkungen über den Gadolinit, den Chryolith und die Honigsteinsäure |journal=Chemische Annalen für die Freunde der Naturlehre, Arzneygelahrtheit, Haushaltungskunst und Manufakturen [Chemical Annals for the Friends of Science, Medicine, Domestic Economy and Manufacture] |date=1801 |pages=307–308 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2qw5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA307 |trans-title=Some observations on gadolinite, cryolite and mellitic acid |language=German}}</ref><ref name="Greenwood">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd}}</ref> In 1880, the Swiss [[chemist]] [[Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac]] observed the spectroscopic lines from gadolinium in samples of [[gadolinite]] (which actually contains relatively little gadolinium, but enough to show a spectrum) and in the separate mineral [[cerite]]. The latter mineral proved to contain far more of the element with the new spectral line. De Marignac eventually separated a mineral oxide from cerite, which he realized was the oxide of this new element. He designated the element with the provisional symbol Yα. The French chemist [[Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran]] named the element "gadolinium" in 1886.<ref name="Marshall">{{cite journal|last1=Marshall |first1=James L. |last2=Marshall |first2=Virginia R. |title=Rediscovery of the Elements: Yttrium and Johan Gadolin |journal=The Hexagon |url=http://www.chem.unt.edu/~jimm/REDISCOVERY%207-09-2018/Hexagon%20Articles/gadolin.pdf |date=2008|issue=Spring|pages=8–11}}</ref><ref name="Virginia">{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=James L. Marshall |last2=Marshall |first2=Virginia R. Marshall |title=Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare Earths–The Confusing Years |journal=The Hexagon |date=2015 |pages=72–77 |url=http://www.chem.unt.edu/~jimm/REDISCOVERY%207-09-2018/Hexagon%20Articles/rare%20earths%20II.pdf |access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Weeks">{{cite book |last1=Weeks |first1=Mary Elvira |title=The discovery of the elements |date=1956 |publisher=Journal of Chemical Education |location=Easton, PA |url=https://archive.org/details/discoveryoftheel002045mbp |edition=6th }}</ref><ref name="XVI">{{cite journal | author = Weeks, Mary Elvira |author-link=Mary Elvira Weeks| title = The discovery of the elements: XVI. The rare earth elements | journal = Journal of Chemical Education | year = 1932 | volume = 9 | issue = 10 | pages = 1751–1773 | doi = 10.1021/ed009p1751 | bibcode=1932JChEd...9.1751W}}</ref> The pure element was isolated in 1935 by [[Félix Trombe]].<ref name="Trombe">{{Cite journal|author=Félix Trombe|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3152t/f459.image|title=L'isolement de gadolinium|journal=Comptes Rendus|year=1935|volume=200|pages=459–461}}</ref>