Editing Fundamentalism (section)

===Islam===
{{Main article|Islamic fundamentalism|Islamism|Islamofascism|Jihadism|Islamic terrorism|Sectarian violence among Muslims}}
Fundamentalism within Islam goes back to the [[early history of Islam]] in the 7th century, to the time of the [[Kharijites]].<ref name="Poljarevic 2021">{{cite book |author-last=Poljarevic |author-first=Emin |year=2021 |chapter=Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) |editor1-last=Cusack |editor1-first=Carole M. |editor1-link=Carole M. Cusack |editor2-last=Upal |editor2-first=Muhammad Afzal |title=Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=21 |doi=10.1163/9789004435544_026 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-90-04-43554-4 |issn=1874-6691 |pages=485–512}}</ref> From their essentially political position, they developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream [[Shia Islam|Shia]] and [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Muslims]]. The Kharijites were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to ''[[takfir]]'', whereby they declared other Muslims to be [[Apostasy in Islam|unbelievers]] and therefore deemed them worthy of death.<ref name="Poljarevic 2021"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/another-battle-with-islams-true-believers/article20802390/|title=Another battle with Islam's 'true believers'|work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/fruits-of-the-tree-of-extremism|title=Imam Mohamad Jebara: Fruits of the tree of extremism|author=Mohamad Jebara More Mohamad Jebara|work=Ottawa Citizen|date=February 6, 2015}}</ref><ref name="hasan-balance-2012">{{cite web |author=Dr. Usama Hasan |date=2012 |url=http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf |title=The Balance of in challenging extremism |access-date=2015-11-17 |url-status=dead |publisher=Quilliam Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802045255/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf |archive-date=August 2, 2014 |df=mdy }}</ref>

The Shia and Sunni religious conflicts since the 7th century created an opening for radical ideologues, such as [[Ali Shariati]] (1933–77), to merge social revolution with Islamic fundamentalism, as exemplified by the [[Iranian Revolution]] in 1979.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Griffith|first=William E.|date=1979|title=The Revival of Islamic Fundamentalism: The Case of Iran|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2626789|journal=International Security|volume=4|issue=1|pages=132–138|doi=10.2307/2626789|jstor=2626789 |s2cid=154146522 |issn=0162-2889}}</ref> Islamic fundamentalism has appeared in many countries;<ref>Lawrence Davidson, ''Islamic Fundamentalism'' (Greenwood, 2003)</ref> the [[Salafi movement|Salafi]]-[[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] version is [[International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism|promoted worldwide]] and financed by [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Qatar]], and [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Terrorism: Growing Wahhabi Influence in the United States |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108shrg91326/html/CHRG-108shrg91326.htm |date=26 June 2003 |website=www.govinfo.gov |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215092631/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108shrg91326/html/CHRG-108shrg91326.htm |archive-date=15 December 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=26 June 2021 |quote=Nearly 22 months have passed since the atrocity of [[September 11 attacks|September 11th]]. Since then, many questions have been asked about the role in that day's terrible events and in other challenges we face in the [[War on terror|war against terror]] of [[Saudi Arabia]] and its official sect, a separatist, exclusionary and violent form of Islam known as Wahhabism. It is widely recognized that all of the [[Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|19 suicide pilots]] were Wahhabi followers. In addition, 15 of the 19 were Saudi subjects. Journalists and experts, as well as spokespeople of the world, have said that Wahhabism is the source of the [[List of terrorist incidents|overwhelming majority of terrorist atrocities in today's world]], from [[Morocco]] to [[Indonesia]], via [[Israel]], Saudi Arabia, [[Chechnya]]. In addition, Saudi media sources have identified Wahhabi agents from Saudi Arabia as being responsible for terrorist attacks on [[U.S. Invasion of Iraq|U.S. troops in Iraq]]. ''The Washington Post'' has confirmed Wahhabi involvement in attacks against U.S. forces in [[Fallujah during the Iraq War|Fallujah]]. To examine the role of Wahhabism and terrorism is not to label all Muslims as extremists. Indeed, I want to make this point very, very clear. It is the exact opposite. Analyzing Wahhabism means identifying the extreme element that, although enjoying immense political and financial resources, thanks to support by a sector of the Saudi state, seeks to globally hijack Islam ... The problem we are looking at today is the State-sponsored doctrine and funding of an extremist ideology that provides the recruiting grounds, support infrastructure and monetary life blood of today's international terrorists. The extremist ideology is Wahhabism, a major force behind terrorist groups, like [[al Qaeda]], a group that, according to the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]], and I am quoting, is the 'number one terrorist threat to the U.S. today'.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=DeLong-Bas |first=Natana J. |author-link=Natana J. DeLong-Bas |year=2004 |title=Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=797QCwAAQBAJ |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0195169913}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Armstrong |first=Karen |author-link=Karen Armstrong |date=27 November 2014 |title=Wahhabism to ISIS: how Saudi Arabia exported the main source of global terrorism |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism |location=[[London]] |magazine=[[New Statesman]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127132619/http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism |archive-date=27 November 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Crooke |first=Alastair |author-link=Alastair Crooke |orig-date=First published 27 August 2014 |date=30 March 2017 |title=You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html |location=[[New York City|New York]] |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828141900/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html |archive-date=28 August 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author-last=Sells |author-first=Michael |date=22 December 2016 |title=Wahhabist Ideology: What It Is And Why It's A Problem |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/wahhabist-ideology-what-it-is-and-why-its-a-problem_b_585991fce4b014e7c72ed86e?guccounter=1 |location=[[New York City|New York]] |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408032152/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/wahhabist-ideology-what-it-is-and-why-its-a-problem_b_585991fce4b014e7c72ed86e |archive-date=8 April 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Lindijer|first1=Koert|title=How Islam from the north spreads once more into the Sahel|url=http://theafricanists.info/how-islam-from-the-north-spreads-once-more-into-the-sahel/|website=The Africanists|access-date=24 November 2014|date=24 August 2013|quote=Hundreds of years later, Islam again comes to the Sahel, this time with an unstoppable mission mentality and the way paved by money from Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Pakistan. Foreigners, and also Malians who received scholarships to study in Saudi Arabia, introduce this strict form of Islam, and condemn the sufi's{{sic}}.}}{{verify source|date = November 2014}}</ref>

The [[Iran hostage crisis]] of 1979–80 marked a major turning point in the use of the term "fundamentalism". The media, in an attempt to explain the ideology of [[Ayatollah Khomeini]] and the Iranian Revolution to a Western audience described it as a "fundamentalist version of Islam" by way of analogy to the Christian fundamentalist movement in the U.S. Thus was born the term ''Islamic fundamentalist'', which became a common use of the term in following years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/archivesearch?ie=UTF-8&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&tab=wn&q=Islamic+fundamentalist&scoring=n&sa=N&sugg=d&as_ldate=1990&as_hdate=1991&lnav=d4&hdrange=1992,2005|title=Google News Search: Chart shows spikes in '79 (Iran hostage crisis), after 9/11 and in '92 and '93 (Algerian elections, PLO).|access-date=December 9, 2008}}{{original research inline|date = November 2014}}</ref>