Editing Fritz Haber (section)

==Personal life and family==
[[File:Clara Immerwahr.jpg|thumb|Haber's first wife, [[Clara Immerwahr]]]]

Haber met [[Clara Immerwahr]] in [[Breslau]] in 1889, while he was serving his required year in the military. Clara was the daughter of a chemist who owned a sugar factory, and was the first woman to earn a PhD (in chemistry) at the [[University of Breslau]].<ref name=Stoltzenberg />{{rp|20}} She converted from Judaism to Christianity in 1897, several years before she and Haber became engaged. They were married on 3 August 1901;<ref name=Stoltzenberg />{{rp|46}} their son Hermann was born on 1 June 1902.<ref name=Stoltzenberg />{{rp|173}}

Clara was a [[women's rights]] activist and according to some accounts, a [[pacifism|pacifist]]. Intelligent and a perfectionist, she became increasingly depressed after her marriage and the resulting loss of her career.<ref name="Creese">{{cite book|last1=Creese|first1=Mary R. S. Creese|last2=Creese|first2=Thomas M.|title=Ladies in the Laboratory II: West European women in science, 1800 – 1900 : a survey of their contributions to research|date=2004|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=978-0810849792|pages=143–145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVYnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|access-date=18 April 2017|archive-date=20 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720090612/https://books.google.com/books?id=SVYnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Friedrich">{{cite journal|last1=Friedrich|first1=Bretislav|last2=Hoffmann|first2=Dieter|title=Clara Haber, nee Immerwahr (1870-1915): Life, Work and Legacy|journal=Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie|date=March 2016|volume=642|issue=6|pages=437–448|doi=10.1002/zaac.201600035|pmc=4825402|pmid=27099403}}</ref><ref name=Carty>{{cite journal|last1=Carty|first1=Ryan|title=Casualty of War|journal=Chemical Heritage Magazine|date=2012|volume=30|issue=2|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/casualty-of-war|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-date=20 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620141332/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/casualty-of-war|url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 May 1915, following an argument with Haber, Clara died of suicide in their garden by shooting herself in the heart with his [[service revolver]]. She did not die immediately, and was found by her 12-year-old son, Hermann, who had heard the shot.<ref name=Stoltzenberg />{{rp|176}}

The reasons for her suicide remain the subject of speculation. There were multiple stresses in the marriage,<ref name=Carty /><ref name="Friedrich" /><ref name="Creese" /> and it has been suggested that she opposed Haber's work in chemical warfare. According to this view, her suicide may have been in part a response to Haber's having personally overseen the first successful use of [[chlorine#Use as a weapon|chlorine gas]] during the [[Second Battle of Ypres]], resulting in over 67,000 casualties.<ref name="Hobbes">{{cite book |last=Hobbes |first=Nicholas |title=Essential Militaria |year=2003 |publisher=Atlantic Books |isbn=978-1-84354-229-2}}</ref><ref name=Mistake>{{cite book|last1=Albarelli|first1=H.P.|title=A terrible mistake : the murder of Frank Olson, and the CIA's secret cold war experiments|date=2009|publisher=Trine Day|location=Walterville, OR|isbn=978-0-9777953-7-6|edition=1st|url=https://archive.org/details/terriblemistake00hpal|access-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> Haber left within days for the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] to oversee gas release against the Russian Army.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Huxtable | first=R. J. | year=2002 | title=Reflections: Fritz Haber and the ambiguity of ethics | volume=45 | pages=1–3 | journal=Proceedings Western Pharmacology Soc | url=http://www.medicine.nevada.edu/wps/Proceedings/45/01-3-PWPS2002HuxtableHaber.pdf | access-date=2 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407120759/http://www.medicine.nevada.edu/wps/Proceedings/45/01-3-PWPS2002HuxtableHaber.pdf | archive-date=7 April 2014 | url-status=dead | pmid=12434507 }}</ref><ref>{{cite interview |last1=Stern |first1=Fritz |title=How Do You Solve a Problem Like Fritz Haber? |last2=Charles |first2=Daniel |last3=Nasser |first3=Latif |last4=Kaufman |first4=Fred |interviewer1-link=Jad Abumrad |interviewer2-link=Robert Krulwich |interviewer1=Jad Abumrad|interviewer2=Robert Krulwich |url=https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/segments/180132-how-do-you-solve-problem-fritz-haber |work=Radiolab |publisher=WNYC |location=New York, NY |date=9 January 2012 |access-date=2 April 2014 |archive-date=4 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104224826/https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/segments/180132-how-do-you-solve-problem-fritz-haber |url-status=live }}</ref> Originally buried in [[Berlin-Dahlem|Dahlem]], Clara's remains were later transferred at her husband's request to Basel, where she is buried next to him.<ref name=Stoltzenberg />{{rp|176}}

Haber married his second wife, Charlotte Nathan, on 25 October 1917 in Berlin.<ref name=Stoltzenberg />{{rp|183}} When out travelling, Fritz was staying at the Adlon Hotel which was near the Deutscher Klub. At this establishment, Fritz met Nathan, who was one of the secretaries and sparked his interest with her accomplishments despite not having extensive experience or education. On the day that he met her, it had been raining and she gave him an umbrella to use to which he replied "I lay the umbrella into your arms and myself and my thanks at your feet". She replied "I'd rather like the contrary". They began seeing each other and he would soon propose to her. Charlotte rejected the proposal at first due to their large age difference but she eventually agreed.<ref name="Goran" /> Charlotte, like Clara, converted from Judaism to Christianity before marrying Haber.<ref name=Stoltzenberg />{{rp|183}} The couple had two children, Eva-Charlotte and Ludwig Fritz ("Lutz").<ref name=Stoltzenberg />{{rp|186}} Again, however, there were conflicts, and the couple were divorced as of 6 December 1927.<ref name=Stoltzenberg />{{rp|188}}

Haber and Clara's son, Hermann Haber, lived in France until 1941, but was unable to obtain French citizenship. When Germany invaded France during World War II, Hermann and his wife and three daughters escaped internment on a French ship travelling from Marseilles to the Caribbean. From there, they obtained visas allowing them to immigrate to the United States. Hermann's wife Margarethe died after the end of the war, and Hermann committed suicide in 1946.<ref name=Stoltzenberg />{{rp|182–183}} His oldest daughter, Claire, committed suicide in 1949; also a chemist, she had been told her research into an antidote for the effects of chlorine gas was being set aside, as work on the atomic bomb was taking precedence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/jun/05/the-forbidden-zone-fritz-haber-barbican-katie-mitchell-review|title=The Forbidden Zone review – poisoned by a 'higher form of killing'|last=Clapp|first=Susannah|date=5 June 2016|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=15 September 2018|archive-date=29 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729215515/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/jun/05/the-forbidden-zone-fritz-haber-barbican-katie-mitchell-review|url-status=live}}</ref>

Fritz Haber's other son, Ludwig Fritz Haber (1921–2004), became an eminent British economist and wrote a history of chemical warfare in World War I, ''The Poisonous Cloud'' (1986).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/Dexter%20Papers/HaberDexterBioJJB.pdf | title=Lutz F. Haber (1921–2004) | publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | access-date=11 February 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612195112/http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/Dexter%20Papers/HaberDexterBioJJB.pdf | archive-date=12 June 2010 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Hermann's daughter Eva lived in Kenya for many years, returning to England in the 1950s. She died in 2015, leaving three children, five grandchildren, and eight great-grandchildren. Several members of Haber's extended family died in [[Nazi concentration camps]], including his half-sister Frieda's daughter, Hilde Glücksmann, her husband, and their two children.<ref name=Stoltzenberg />{{rp|235}}