Editing Francis Fukuyama (section)

=== Other works ===
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Fukuyama has written a number of other books, among them ''Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity'' and ''[[Our Posthuman Future|Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution]]''. In the latter, he qualified his original "[[end of history]]" thesis, arguing that since biotechnology increasingly allows humans to control their own [[evolution]], it may allow humans to alter [[human nature]], thereby putting liberal democracy at risk.<ref>For a critical analysis of Fukuyama's bioethical argument, see: {{Cite journal|last1=Jordaan|first1=D. W.|year=2009|title=Antipromethean Fallacies: A Critique of Fukuyama's Bioethics|journal=Biotechnology Law Report|volume=28|issue=5|pages=577–590|doi=10.1089/blr.2009.9915}}</ref> One possible outcome could be that an altered human nature could end in radical inequality. He is a fierce enemy of [[transhumanism]], an intellectual movement asserting that [[posthuman]]ity is a desirable goal.

In another work, ''The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstruction of Social Order'', Fukuyama explores the origins of social norms and analyzes current disruptions in the fabric of human moral traditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McNicoll |first=Geoffrey |date=1999 |title=Review of The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order, by F. Fukuyama |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/172490 |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=793–795 |access-date=March 8, 2025 |jstor=172490}}</ref> He considers these disruptions to arise from a shift from the manufacturing to the [[Information Age]]. This shift is, he thinks, normal and will prove self-correcting, given the intrinsic human need for social norms and rules.

In 2006, in ''[[America at the Crossroads]],'' Fukuyama discusses the history of [[neoconservatism]], with particular focus on its major tenets and political implications. He outlines his rationale for supporting the Bush Administration and where he believed it was going wrong at the time.

In 2008, Fukuyama published the book ''Falling Behind: Explaining the Development Gap Between Latin America and the United States'', which resulted from research and a conference funded by Grupo Mayan to gain an understanding of why Latin America, once far wealthier than North America, fell behind in terms of development in only a matter of centuries. Discussing this book at a 2009 conference, Fukuyama outlined his belief that inequality within Latin American nations impedes growth. He stated that an [[Economic inequality|unequal distribution of wealth]] leads to social upheaval, resulting in stunted growth.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fukuyama: 'Social Agenda' Needed to Combat Poverty in Latin America|url=http://www.devex.com/blogs/17/blogs_entries/59071|author=Ryan Weddle|date=February 18, 2009|work=[[Devex]]|access-date=February 19, 2009}}</ref>

In 2018, in ''Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment'', Fukuyama enlists [[Plato|Plato's]] notion of [[thymos]] to understand the politics of grievance and [[resentment]].<ref>Addis Goldman, ''Finding Fukuyama’s Ends Between Aspirations and History'', THR Web Features, July 22, 2021</ref>

At the start of the following decade, he published some reflections on his work in the form of conversations under the title ''After the End of History''.<ref>''After the End of History: Conversations with Francis Fukuyama'', Edited by Mathilde Fasting,
Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2021.</ref>

In 2022, Fukuyama published the book ''Liberalism and Its Discontents'', in which he defended liberalism from critics on the [[Right-wing populism|populist right]] and the [[Progressivism|progressive left]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anthony |first=Andrew |date=March 8, 2022 |title=Liberalism and Its Discontents by Francis Fukuyama |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/mar/08/liberalism-and-its-discontents-by-francis-fukuyama-review-a-defence-of-liberalism-from-a-former-neocon |access-date=July 13, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He also criticized [[neoliberalism]] and [[identity politics]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanjul |first=Sergio C. |date=September 7, 2022 |title=Francis Fukuyama: 'The neoliberals went too far. Now, we need more social democratic policies' |url=https://english.elpais.com/culture/2022-09-07/francis-fukuyama-the-neoliberals-went-too-far-now-we-need-more-social-democratic-policies.html |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=[[El Pias|EL PAÍS English]] |language=en}}</ref>