Editing Francis Drake (section)

==Circumnavigation (1577–1580)==
{{further|Francis Drake's circumnavigation}}
Following the success of the Panama isthmus raid, Drake's so-called "Famous Voyage" – an expedition against the Spanish along the Pacific coast of the Americas – was organized and financed by a private syndicate that included [[Francis Walsingham]], [[Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester]], John Hawkins, [[Christopher Hatton]], and Drake himself.<ref name="Bradley1999">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Peter T. |title=British Maritime Enterprise in the New World: From the Late Fifteenth to the Mid-eighteenth Century |year=1999 |publisher=Edwin Mellen |isbn=978-0773478664 |page=348 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfL2AMHsJXEC&pg=PA348}}</ref> Drake acted on the plan authored by Sir [[Richard Grenville]], who in 1574 had received a royal patent for that purpose; just a year later this patent had been rescinded after [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] learned of Grenville's intentions against the Spanish.<ref name="KinneySwainHillLong2000">{{cite book |last1=Appleby |first1=John C. |editor1-last=Kinney |editor1-first=Arthur F. |editor2-last=Swain |editor2-first=David W. |editor3-last=Hill |editor3-first=Eugene D. |editor4-last=Long |editor4-first=William A. |title=Tudor England: An Encyclopedia |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1136745300 |page=307 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHasAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA307}}</ref> Elizabeth likely invested in Drake's voyage to South America in 1577, but never issued him a formal commission.<ref name="Parry1984">{{cite book |last1=Parry |first1=John H. |editor1-last=Thrower |editor1-first=Norman J.W. |title=Sir Francis Drake and the Famous Voyage, 1577–1580: Essays Commemorating the Quadricentennial of Drake's Circumnavigation of the Earth |year=1984 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520048768 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPJVxZu8btoC&pg=PA3 |chapter=Drake and the World Encompassed |pages=3–4}}</ref><ref name="Black2019">{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=Jeremy |title=England in the Age of Shakespeare |year=2019 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0253042323 |page=145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx7UDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT145}}</ref> This would be the [[List of circumnavigations|first circumnavigation in 58 years]].{{sfn|Kraus|1970}}

Diego was once again employed under Drake; his fluency in Spanish and English would make him a useful interpreter when Spaniards or Spanish-speaking Portuguese were captured. He was employed as Drake's servant and was paid wages like the rest of the crew.<ref name="Kaufman2017" /> Drake and the fleet set out from Plymouth on 15 November 1577, but bad weather threatened him and his fleet. They were forced to take refuge in [[Falmouth, Cornwall]], from where they returned to Plymouth for repair.{{sfnp|Sugden|2006|p=102}}

After this major setback, Drake set sail again on 13 December aboard ''[[Golden Hind|Pelican]]'' with four other ships and 164 men. He soon added a sixth ship, ''Mary'' (formerly ''Santa María''), a Portuguese merchant ship that had been captured off the coast of Africa near the [[Portuguese Cape Verde|Cape Verde Islands]].<ref name="Best202157">{{cite book |last1=Best |first1=Brian |title=Elizabeth's Sea Dogs and their War Against Spain |year=2021 |publisher=Frontline Books |isbn=978-1526782885 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qv0hEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57}}</ref> He also kidnapped its captain, [[:pt:Nuno da Silva|Nuno da Silva]], a man with considerable experience navigating in South American waters.<ref name="Moreno-Madrid&Salomoni2022">{{cite journal |last1=Moreno Madrid |first1=José María |last2=Salomoni |first2=David |title=Nuno Da Silva's Third Relation : An Unknown Report on Francis Drake's Voyage (1577–1580) |journal=Terrae Incognitae |date=2 January 2022 |volume=54 |issue=1 |page=68 |doi=10.1080/00822884.2022.2048246 |s2cid=247908624 |language=English, Spanish|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Drake's fleet suffered great attrition; he scuttled both ''Christopher'' and the [[flyboat]] ''Swan'' due to loss of men on the Atlantic crossing. He made landfall at the gloomy bay of [[Puerto San Julián]], in what is now [[Argentina]]. [[Ferdinand Magellan]] had called there half a century earlier, where he put to death some mutineers. Drake's men saw weathered and bleached skeletons on the Spanish [[gibbet]]s. Following Magellan's example, Drake tried and executed his own "mutineer" [[Thomas Doughty (explorer)|Thomas Doughty]]. The crew discovered that ''Mary'' had rotting timbers, so they put the vessel ashore, stripped it, and abandoned it. Drake decided to remain the winter in San Julián before attempting the [[Strait of Magellan]].{{sfn|Kelsey|2000|pp=104–106}}

===Execution of Thomas Doughty===
{{Main|Thomas Doughty (explorer)}}
On his voyage to interfere with Spanish treasure fleets, Drake had several quarrels with his co-commander Thomas Doughty and on 3 June 1578, accused him of witchcraft and charged him with [[mutiny]] and [[treason]] in a shipboard trial.{{sfn|Coote|2005|p=133}} Drake claimed to have a (never presented) commission from the Queen to carry out such acts and denied Doughty a trial in England. The main pieces of evidence against Doughty were the testimony of the ship's carpenter, Edward Bright, who after the trial was promoted to master of the ship ''Marigold'', and Doughty's admission of telling [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley|Lord Burghley]], a vocal opponent of agitating the Spanish, of the intent of the voyage. Drake consented to his request of [[Eucharist|Communion]] and dined with him,{{sfn|Kelsey|2000|p=109}} of which [[Francis Fletcher (priest)|Francis Fletcher]] had this account:

{{blockquote|And after this holy repast, they dined also at the same table together, as cheerfully, in sobriety, as ever in their lives they had done aforetime, each cheering up the other, and taking their leave, by drinking each to other, as if some journey only had been in hand.{{sfnp|Barrow|1843|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zo0xAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA102 102]}}<ref name="Hampden1972">{{cite book |last1=Hampden |first1=John |title=Francis Drake, Privateer: Contemporary Narratives and Documents |year=1972 |publisher=Eyre Methuen Limited |isbn=978-0413284303 |page=150 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmNnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22holy%20repast%22}}</ref>}}

Drake had Thomas Doughty beheaded on 2 July 1578. In January 1580, when Drake became stranded upon a reef off the Celebes Sea, the ship's chaplain, Francis Fletcher, in a sermon suggested that the woes of the voyage were connected to the unjust demise of Doughty, Drake chained the clergyman to a hatch cover and pronounced him excommunicated.{{sfnp|Sugden|2006|page=143}}

===Entering the Pacific (1578)===
[[File:Golden Hinde, Londres, Inglaterra, 2014-08-11, DD 107.JPG|thumb|A replica of the ''[[Golden Hind]]'' at [[Bankside]] in London]]
The three remaining ships of his convoy departed for the Magellan Strait at the southern tip of South America. A few weeks later in September 1578 Drake made it to the Pacific, but violent storms destroyed one of the three ships, ''Marigold'' (captained by John Thomas) in the strait and caused another, ''Elizabeth'', captained by [[John Wynter]], to return to England,<ref name="MontanezUrbina2019">{{cite book |last1=Montanez-Sanabria |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Urbina Carasco |first2=María Ximena |editor1-last=Rojo |editor1-first=Danna A. Levin |editor2-last=Radding |editor2-first=Cynthia |title=The Oxford Handbook of Borderlands of the Iberian World |year=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0197507704 |page=727 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCy7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA727 |chapter=The Spanish Empire's Southernmost Frontiers: From Arauco to the Strait of Magellan}}</ref> leaving only ''Pelican''. After this passage, ''Pelican'' was pushed south and discovered an island that Drake called [[Elizabeth Island (Cape Horn)|Elizabeth Island]]. Drake, like navigators before him, probably reached a latitude of 55°S (according to astronomical data quoted in [[Richard Hakluyt]]'s ''The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation'' of 1589) along the Chilean coast.<ref name="Wagner2006">Wagner, Henry R., ''Sir Francis Drake's Voyage Around the World: Its Aims and Achievements'', Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2006, {{ISBN|1428622551}}.</ref> 

In the Magellan Strait Drake and his men engaged in skirmishes with local indigenous people, becoming the first Europeans to kill indigenous peoples in southern Patagonia. During their stay in the strait, crew members discovered that an infusion made of the bark of ''[[Drimys winteri]]'' could be used as remedy against [[scurvy]]. Captain Wynter ordered the collection of great amounts of bark – hence the scientific name.<ref name="Martinic1977">{{cite book |last=Martinic |first=Mateo |author-link=Mateo Martinic |year=1977 |title=Historia del Estrecho de Magallanes |language=es |url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-10441.html |location=Santiago |publisher=Andrés Bello |pages=67–68 |access-date=28 January 2016 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315073421/http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-10441.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Historian [[Mateo Martinic]], who examined records of Drake's travels, credits him with the discovery of the "southern end of the Americas and the oceanic space south of it".<ref name="Martinic2019">{{cite journal |last1=Martinic B. |first1=Mateo |author-link1=Mateo Martinic |title=Entre el mito y la realidad. La situación de la misteriosa Isla Elizabeth de Francis Drake |trans-title=Between myth and reality. The situation of the mysterious Elizabeth Island of Francis Drake |language=es |journal=Magallania |date=2019 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=5–14 |doi=10.4067/S0718-22442019000100005 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The first report of his discovery of an open channel south of [[Tierra del Fuego]] was written after the 1618 publication of the voyage of [[Willem Schouten]] and [[Jacob le Maire]] around Cape Horn in 1616.{{sfn|Kelsey|2000|p=135}}

=== Raids on Spanish American west coast ===
Drake pushed onwards in his lone flagship, now renamed ''[[Golden Hind]]'' in honour of Sir [[Christopher Hatton]] (after his [[coat of arms]]). ''Golden Hind'' sailed north along the Pacific coast of South America, attacking Spanish ports and pillaging towns. Some Spanish ships were captured, and Drake used their more accurate charts to inform his navigation. Before reaching the coast of [[Peru]], Drake visited [[Mocha Island]] off the coast of what is now Chile, where he and his manservant Diego were seriously injured by hostile [[Mapuche]] who shot them with arrows.<ref name="Kaufman201767">{{cite book |last1=Kaufmann |first1=Miranda |title=Black Tudors: The Untold Story |date=2017 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1786071859 |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7D-9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT67}}</ref> Later he sacked the port of [[Valparaíso]] further north in Chile, where he also captured a ship full of [[Chilean wine]].<ref name="Orich2005">{{cite journal |last1=Cortés Olivares |first1=Hernán F |title=El origen, producción y comercio del pisco chileno, 1546–1931 |trans-title=The origin, production and trade of Chilean pisco, 1546–1931 |language=es |journal=Universum |date=2005 |volume=20 |issue=2 |doi=10.4067/S0718-23762005000200005 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Lévi Alvarès1849">{{cite book |last1=Lévi Alvarès |first1=David Eugène |title=Manual de la historia de los pueblos antiguos i modernos; obra elemental para el estudio de la historia ... Traducida por D. F. Sarmiento |year=1849 |page=76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNprdVMuHQoC&pg=PA76 |language=es |quote=Sir Francis Drake tomó en Valparaiso un navío cargado con vino i 60,000 pesos; los habitantes que eran solo nueve familias abandonaron la poblacion i los. Ingleses saquearon a Valparaiso. English: "Sir Francis Drake took in Valparaiso a ship loaded with wine and 60,000 pesos; the English sacked Valparaiso, whose inhabitants, only nine families, had abandoned the town.}}</ref>

Near [[Lima]], Drake captured a Spanish ship with 25,000&nbsp;[[Spanish dollar|pesos]] of Peruvian gold, amounting in value to 37,000&nbsp;[[ducat]]s of Spanish money (about £7m by modern standards). Drake also discovered news of another ship, ''[[Nuestra Señora de la Concepción]]'', which was sailing west towards [[Manila]]. It would come to be called ''Cacafuego''. Drake gave chase and eventually captured the treasure ship, which proved his most profitable capture.{{sfnp|Sugden|2006}}

Aboard ''Nuestra Señora de la Concepción'', Drake found {{convert|80|lb|order=flip}} of gold, a golden [[crucifix]], [[gemstone|jewels]], 13&nbsp;chests of [[Spanish real|silver reals]] and {{convert|26|LT|kg|order=flip}} of silver. Drake was naturally pleased at his good luck in capturing the galleon, and he showed it by dining with the captured ship's officers and gentleman passengers. He offloaded his captives a short time later, and gave each one gifts appropriate to their rank, as well as a letter of [[safe conduct]].{{sfnp|Sugden|2006}}

Drake continued north, raiding more Spanish settlements and ships as he went. His last stop in this phase of the voyage was in the town of Guatulco, where he and his crew stayed from 13 to 16 April, looting provisions and other materials. From here, Drake began to consider how best to return to England.{{Sfn|Sugden|2006|p=130}} One possibility was to sail back south, along the Spanish coast, and return to the Atlantic Ocean via the Strait of Magellan (or possibly Cape Horn); this route was ruled out, however, to avoid the dangerous weather near the strait and presumed Spanish resistance all along the coast. This left two possible routes – continue north up the American coast, and return to the Atlantic by the rumored [[Strait of Anián]]; or, sail across the Pacific, making for the [[East Indies]], and from there return to England by completing a circumnavigation of the world.{{Sfn|Sugden|2006|p=132}}

===Coast of California: Nova Albion (1579)===
{{Main|New Albion|Drake in California}}
[[File:Drake CA 1590.jpg|thumb|250px|Drake's landing in California, engraving published 1590 by [[Theodor de Bry]]]]
In May, Drake's two ships passed the [[Baja California peninsula]] and continued north. Prior to Drake's voyage, the western coast of North America had only been partially explored in 1542 by [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo]] who sailed for Spain.<ref>{{Citation| last = Davis | first = Loren |display-authors=etal | title = Inventory and Analysis of Coastal and Submerged Archaeological Site Occurrence on the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf | journal = U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management| page = 188|date = November 2013}}</ref> So, intending to avoid further conflict with Spain, Drake navigated north-west of Spanish presence and sought a discreet site at which the crew could prepare for the journey back to England.{{sfnp|Sugden|2006|page=188}}<ref name="Gough1980">{{cite book |last1=Gough |first1=Barry M. |title=Distant Dominion : Britain and the Northwest Coast of North America, 1579–1809 |year=1980 |publisher=Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press |isbn=978-0774801133 |page=15 |url=https://archive.org/details/distantdominionb0000goug}}</ref> The northernmost extent of this leg of the expedition has been the subject of much scholarly debate,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keddie |first=Grant |date=20 June 2017 |title=Francis Drake on the Northwest Coast of America. Introductory Notes. Part 1. |url=https://staff.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/2017/06/20/francis-drake-on-the-northwest-coast-of-america-introductory-notes-part-1/ |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=Royal BC Museum |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327172658/https://staff.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/2017/06/20/francis-drake-on-the-northwest-coast-of-america-introductory-notes-part-1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir Francis Drake, 1540?–1596 |url=https://lib-dbserver.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/pacific/drake/drake.html |website=Princeton Library |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=20 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220204553/https://lib-dbserver.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/pacific/drake/drake.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Kelsey1990">{{cite journal |last1=Kelsey |first1=Harry |title=Did Francis Drake Really Visit California? |journal=The Western Historical Quarterly |date=1990 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=445–462 |doi=10.2307/969250 |jstor=969250 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/969250 |issn=0043-3810}}</ref> but most sources agree that Drake reached a latitude of at least 48° north before turning back and heading south.{{Sfn|Sugden|2006|p=133}}{{Sfn|Bawlf|2003|p=270}}

On 5 June 1579, the ship briefly made first landfall at what is now South Cove, Cape Arago, just south of [[Coos Bay, Oregon]], and then sailed southward.<ref name="Gough1980" /><ref name="Morison1986700">{{cite book |last1=Morison |first1=Samuel Eliot |title=The Great Explorers: The European Discovery of America |year=1986 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195042221 |page=700 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JnotvLHX80gC&pg=PA700}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cassels |first1=Simon |title=Where Did Drake Careen The Golden Hind in June/July 1579? A Mariner's Assessment |journal=The Mariner's Mirror |date=January 2003 |volume=89 |issue=3 |page=263 |doi=10.1080/00253359.2003.10659292 |s2cid=161710358 }}</ref> On 17 June, Drake and his crew found a protected cove when they landed on the Pacific coast of what is now Northern California.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cassels |first1=Sir Simon |title=Where Did Drake Careen the Golden Hind in June/July 1579? A Mariner's Assessment |journal=The Mariner's Mirror |date=1 January 2003 |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=260–271 |doi=10.1080/00253359.2003.10659292 |s2cid=161710358 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Gough | first = Barry | year = 1980 | title = Distant Dominion: Britain and the Northwest Coast of North America, 1579–1809 | url = https://archive.org/details/distantdominionb0000goug | url-access = registration | publisher =Univ. of British Columbia Press | location = Vancouver | isbn = 0774801131 | page = 15}}</ref> While ashore, he claimed the area for Queen Elizabeth I as Nova Albion or [[New Albion]]. To document and assert his claim, Drake posted an engraved [[Drake's Plate of Brass|plate of brass]] to claim sovereignty for Elizabeth and every successive English monarch. After erecting a fort and tents ashore, the crew laboured for several weeks as they prepared for the circumnavigating voyage ahead by [[careening]] their ship, ''Golden Hind'', to effectively clean and repair the hull.{{sfnp|Sugden|2006|pp=135–137}} Drake had friendly interactions with the [[Coast Miwok]] and explored the surrounding land by foot. When his ship was ready for the return voyage, Drake and the crew left New Albion on 23 July and paused the journey the next day when anchoring the ship at the [[Farallon Islands]] where they hunted sea lions<ref name="Morison1986702">{{cite book |last1=Morison |first1=Samuel Eliot |title=The Great Explorers: The European Discovery of America |year=1986 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195042221 |page=716 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JnotvLHX80gC&pg=PA716}}</ref> or seals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rick |first1=Torben |last2=Braje |first2=Todd |last3=Wake |first3=Thomas |last4=Sanchez |first4=Gabriel |last5=DeLong |first5=Robert |last6=Lightfoot |first6=Kent |title=Seventy Years of Archaeological Research on California's Farallon Islands |journal=California Archaeology |date=3 July 2019 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=183–203 |doi=10.1080/1947461X.2019.1652043 |s2cid=210268051 }}</ref>

===Across the Pacific and around Africa===
Drake left the Pacific coast, heading south-west to catch the winds that would carry his ship across the Pacific, and a few months later reached the [[Maluku Islands|Moluccas]], a group of islands in the western Pacific, in eastern modern-day [[Indonesia]]. Harry Kelsey maintains, against scholarly consensus, that because of the contrary prevailing winds and currents, it is much more probable that Drake careened his ship on the shore of [[Magdalena Bay]] in [[Baja California peninsula|Lower California]], and sailed to the Moluccas and Spice Islands from there.<ref name="Kelsey2016">{{cite book |last1=Kelsey |first1=Harry |title=The First Circumnavigators: Unsung Heroes of the Age of Discovery |year=2016 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0300217780 |pages=131–132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3tJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131}}</ref> At this time Diego died from wounds he had sustained earlier in the voyage; ''Golden Hind'' later became caught on a reef and was almost lost. Afterwards, the sailors waited three days for convenient tides and had dumped cargo. Befriending Sultan [[Babullah of Ternate]] in the Moluccas, Drake and his men became involved in some intrigues with the Portuguese there.<ref name="Lessa1984">{{cite book |last1=Lessa |title=Sir Francis Drake and the Famous Voyage, 1577–1580: Essays Commemorating the Quadricentennial of Drake's Circumnavigation of the Earth |editor1-last=Thrower |editor1-first=Norman J. W. |year=1984 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520048768 |pages=70–74 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPJVxZu8btoC&pg=PA70 |chapter=Drake in the South Seas}}</ref> He made multiple stops on his way toward the tip of Africa, eventually rounded the [[Cape of Good Hope]], and reached [[Sierra Leone]] by 22 July 1580.

===Return to Plymouth (1580)===
[[File:Francis Drake by Henry Bone.jpg|thumb|1829 portrait of Drake wearing the [[Drake Jewel]]]]
[[File:Sir Francis Drake, 1540-96 RMG BHC26622.jpg|thumb|upright=1.02|The  Drake Jewel as painted by [[Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger]] in a 1591 portrait of Drake]]
On 26 September 1580, ''Golden Hind'' sailed into Plymouth with Drake and 59&nbsp;remaining crew aboard, along with a rich cargo of spices and captured Spanish treasures. The queen's half-share of the cargo surpassed the rest of the crown's income for that entire year. Drake was hailed as the first Englishman to circumnavigate the Earth, and his was the second such voyage arriving with at least one ship intact, after [[Elcano]]'s in 1520.<ref name="Shields2010">{{cite web |url=http://oieahc.wm.edu/uncommon/118/drake.cfm |title=The Drake Jewel |last1=Shields |first1=David S. |publisher=Oieahc.wm.edu |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-date=11 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611163003/http://oieahc.wm.edu/uncommon/118/drake.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Queen Elizabeth declared that all written accounts of Drake's voyages were to become the queen's secrets of the Realm,<!--first publication date is needed here--> and Drake and the other participants of his voyages on the pain of death sworn to their secrecy; she intended to keep Drake's activities hidden from the eyes of rival Spain.<ref name="Shields2010"/>

Drake presented the queen with a jewel token commemorating the circumnavigation. Taken as a prize off the Pacific coast of Mexico, it was made of enamelled gold and bore an African diamond and a ship with an ebony hull.<ref name="Shields2010"/>

To show her gratitude the queen gave him the [[Drake Jewel]], a valuable pendant surrounded by diamonds, rubies and pearls. It was an unusual gift to bestow upon a commoner, and one that Drake wore in a 1591 portrait by [[Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger|Marcus Gheeraerts]]. On one side of the pendant is a state portrait of Elizabeth by the miniaturist [[Nicholas Hilliard]], on the other a [[sardonyx]] cameo of double portrait busts, a regal woman and an African male. The Drake Jewel is a rare documented survivor among sixteenth-century jewels; it is conserved at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], London.<ref name="Shields2010"/>

===Knighthood and arms===
Queen [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth]] awarded Drake a knighthood aboard ''Golden Hind'' in Deptford on 4 April 1581; the [[Accolade|dubbing]] being performed by a French diplomat, Monsieur de Marchaumont, who was negotiating for Elizabeth to marry the King of France's brother, [[Francis, Duke of Anjou]].{{sfn|Cummins|1997|p=127}}<ref name="Moseley2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.plymouthdata.info/PP-Drake.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401142540/http://www.plymouthdata.info/PP-Drake.htm|archive-date=1 April 2012|website=The Encyclopaedia of Plymouth History|title=Sir Francis Drake (c. 1541–1596)|publisher=Plymouthdata.info|orig-year=2004|date=26 February 2011|last=Moseley|first=Brian|access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref> By getting the French diplomat involved in the knighting, Elizabeth was gaining the implicit political support of the French for Drake's actions.<ref>{{cite book |first=Mary E. |last=Hazard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtFtcD-u6YoC&pg=PA251 |title=Elizabethan silent language |page=251 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0803223974 |date=August 2000 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=30 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130092216/https://books.google.com/books?id=wtFtcD-u6YoC&pg=PA251 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Maria |last=Perry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifnFBjfo1UIC&pg=PA182 |title=The Word of a Prince: A Life of Elizabeth I from Contemporary Documents |page=182 |publisher=Boydell Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0851156330 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112061723/https://books.google.com/books?id=ifnFBjfo1UIC&pg=PA182 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hakluyt|first=Richard|title=The Tudor Venturers|publisher=The Folio Society Ltd.|year=1970|isbn=1443704709|location=London|page=166}}</ref> During the Victorian era, in a spirit of nationalism, the story was promoted that Elizabeth I had done the knighting.<ref name="Moseley2011"/>
[[File:Coat of arms of Francis Drake.svg|thumb|left|Sir Francis Drake's new heraldic [[Achievement (heraldry)|achievement]], with motto: ''Sic Parvis Magna''<ref name="von Einsiedel2012"/>]]
After receiving his knighthood Drake unilaterally adopted the [[coat of arms]] of the ancient Devon family of Drake of Ash, to whom he claimed a distant but unspecified kinship. The right to use the arms was disputed in court<ref name="Prince1701">{{cite book|first=John |last=Prince|title=Danmonii orientales illustres: or, The worthies of Devon|year= 1810|orig-year=1701|page=[https://archive.org/details/danmoniioriental00prin/page/329 329]|url=https://archive.org/details/danmoniioriental00prin}}</ref> so Queen Elizabeth awarded Drake his own coat of arms.

Drake's [[Achievement (heraldry)|heraldic achievement]] and coat of arms contains the motto, ''Sic Parvis Magna'', which means: "Great achievements from small beginnings".<ref name="von Einsiedel2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.nationaltrustimages.org.uk/image/169478 |title=Image details |last1=von Einsiedel |first1=Andreas |publisher=National Trust Images |access-date=25 October 2012 |archive-date=3 September 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120903192626/http://www.nationaltrustimages.org.uk/image/169478 |url-status=live }}</ref> A hand coming out of the clouds is labelled ''Auxilio Divino'', which means "By divine aid".<ref name="Casellas2017">{{cite journal |last1=Casellas |first1=Jesus Lopez-Pelaez |title=Meaning and trade in some early modern Spanish and English emblems |journal=Nordic Journal of English Studies |date=1 September 2017 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=1–37 |doi=10.35360/njes.410 |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA528075191&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=16546970&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E1116187b |language=English |quote=Furthermore, soon after that she granted him a coat of arms which showed a ship on a globe guided by the Divine Hand of Providence above an open visor, resting on a shield bearing the two pole stars divided by the sea: over, the motto auxilio divino, underneath: sic parvis magna (Great achievements from small beginnings). More explicit than previous emblems in its endorsement of protocapitalistic ventures, Whitney's "Auxilio divino" (By divine aid, see fig. 8), emblem 203 in his Choice of Emblems, was composed "in praise of Francis Drake.|doi-access=free }}</ref>