Editing Fragile X syndrome (section)

=== Mental health ===
[[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD) is found in the majority of males with FXS and 30% of females, making it the most common psychiatric diagnosis in those with FXS.<ref name=McLennan/><ref name=Tranfaglia>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tranfaglia MR | title = The psychiatric presentation of fragile x: evolution of the diagnosis and treatment of the psychiatric comorbidities of fragile X syndrome | journal = Developmental Neuroscience | volume = 33 | issue = 5 | pages = 337–348 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21893938 | doi = 10.1159/000329421 | s2cid = 207554509 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Children with fragile X have very short attention spans, are [[hyperactivity|hyperactive]], and show hypersensitivity to visual, auditory, tactile, and [[olfactory]] stimuli. These children have difficulty in large crowds due to the loud noises and this can lead to tantrums due to [[hyperarousal]]. Hyperactivity and disruptive behavior peak in the preschool years and then gradually decline with age, although inattentive symptoms are generally lifelong.<ref name=Tranfaglia/>

Aside from the characteristic social phobia features, a range of other anxiety symptoms are very commonly associated with FXS, with symptoms typically spanning a number of psychiatric diagnoses but not fulfilling any of the criteria in full.<ref name=Tranfaglia/> Children with FXS pull away from light touch and can find textures of materials to be irritating. Transitions from one location to another can be difficult for children with FXS. Behavioral therapy can be used to decrease the child's sensitivity in some cases.<ref name=book2/> Behaviors such as hand flapping and biting, as well as aggression, can be an expression of anxiety.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

[[Perseveration]] is a common communicative and behavioral characteristic in FXS. Children with FXS may repeat a certain ordinary activity over and over. In speech, the trend is not only in repeating the same phrase but also talking about the same subject continually. Cluttered speech and [[self-talk]] are commonly seen. Self-talk includes talking with oneself using different tones and pitches.<ref name=book2/> Although only a minority of FXS cases will meet the criteria for [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]] (OCD), a significant majority will have symptoms of obsession. However, as individuals with FXS generally find these behaviors pleasurable, unlike individuals with OCD, they are more frequently referred to as stereotypic behaviors.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Mood symptoms in individuals with FXS rarely meet diagnostic criteria for a major mood disorder as they are typically not of sustained duration.<ref name=Tranfaglia/> Instead, these are usually transient and related to stressors, and may involve labile (fluctuating) mood, irritability, self-injury and aggression.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

Individuals with [[fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome]] (FXTAS) are likely to experience combinations of [[dementia]], [[mood disorder|mood]], and [[anxiety disorder]]s. Males with the ''FMR1'' premutation and clinical evidence of FXTAS were found to have increased occurrence of [[somatization]], [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]], interpersonal sensitivity, depression, phobic anxiety, and [[psychoticism]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bourgeois JA, Cogswell JB, Hessl D, Zhang L, Ono MY, Tassone F, Farzin F, Brunberg JA, Grigsby J, Hagerman RJ | display-authors = 6 | title = Cognitive, anxiety and mood disorders in the fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome | journal = General Hospital Psychiatry | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 349–356 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17591512 | pmc = 3991490 | doi = 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.03.003 }}</ref>