Editing Fourth Crusade (section)

=== Attack on Zara ===
{{Main|Siege of Zara}}
[[File:Pallucchini Tintoretto 590 1.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|right|The crusaders conquering the City of Zadar, painted by [[Tintoretto]] ]]

There was no binding agreement among the crusaders that all should sail from Venice. Accordingly, many chose to sail from other ports, particularly [[Flanders]], [[Marseille]], and [[Genoa]]. By May 1202, the bulk of the crusader army was collected at Venice, although with far smaller numbers than expected: about 12,000 (4,000–5,000 knights and 8,000 foot soldiers) instead of 33,500.{{sfn|Queller|Madden|1997|p=232}} The Venetians had performed their part of the agreement: there awaited 50 war galleys and 450 transports{{snd}}enough for three times the assembled army.{{sfn|Queller|Madden|1997|p=17}} The Venetians, under their aged and blind Doge Dandolo, would not let the crusaders leave without paying the full amount agreed to, originally 85,000 silver [[Mark (money)|marks]]. The crusaders could only initially pay 35,000 silver marks. The Doge threatened to keep them interned unless full payment was made so a further 14,000 marks were collected, and that only by reducing the crusaders to extreme poverty.<ref>Robert de Clari, La Prise de Constantinople, xi–xii, in Hopf, Chroniques Greco-Romaines, pp. 7–9. Old French.</ref> This was disastrous to the Venetians, who had halted their commerce for a great length of time to prepare this expedition. In addition, about 14,000 men or as many as 20–30,000 men (out of Venice's population of 60–100,000 people) were needed to man the entire fleet, placing further strain on the Venetian economy.{{sfn|Queller|Madden|1997|p=17}}{{sfn|Phillips|2004|p=57}}

Dandolo and the Venetians considered what to do with the crusade. It was too small to pay its fee, but disbanding the force gathered would harm Venetian prestige and cause significant financial and trading loss. Dandolo, who joined the crusade during a public ceremony in the church of [[San Marco di Venezia]], proposed that the crusaders pay their debts by intimidating many of the local ports and towns down the Adriatic, culminating in an attack on the port of [[Zadar|Zara]] in [[Dalmatia]].<ref>Zara is the today the city of [[Zadar]] in [[Croatia]]; it was called "Jadera" in [[Latin]] documents and "Jadres" by [[France|French]] crusaders. The Venetian (Italian) "Zara" is a later derivation of the contemporary vernacular "Zadra".</ref> The city had been dominated economically by Venice throughout the 12th century but had rebelled in 1181 and allied itself with [[King Emeric]] of [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] and [[King of Croatia|Croatia]].{{sfn|Queller|Madden|1997|p={{page needed|date=December 2024}}}}<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/185757/Emeric Emeric (king of Hungary)]. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref> Subsequent Venetian attempts to recover control of Zara had been repulsed, and by 1202 the city was economically independent, under the protection of the King.{{sfn|Phillips|2004|pp=110–111}}

King Emeric was Catholic and had himself taken the cross in 1195 or 1196. Many of the crusaders were opposed to attacking Zara, and some, including a force led by the elder [[Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester|Simon V de Montfort]], refused to participate altogether and returned home or went to the Holy Land on their own. While the Papal legate to the Crusade, Cardinal [[Peter of Capua the Elder|Peter of Capua]], endorsed the move as necessary to prevent the crusade's complete failure, the Pope was alarmed at this development and wrote a letter to the crusading leadership threatening [[excommunication]].<ref name="Hughes" />

In 1202, Pope Innocent III, despite wanting to secure papal authority over the Roman [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church]], forbade the crusaders of Western Christendom from committing any atrocious acts against their Christian neighbours.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hindley |first=Geoffrey |title=The Crusades: A History of Armed Pilgrimage and Holy War |url=https://archive.org/details/crusadeshistoryo00hind |url-access=registration |publisher=Carroll & Graf |location=New York |year=2003 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/crusadeshistoryo00hind/page/143 143], 152 |isbn=978-0-7867-1105-5}}</ref> However, this letter, delivered by [[Peter of Lucedio]], may not have reached the army in time. The bulk of the army arrived at Zara on 10–11 November 1202 and the attack proceeded. The citizens of Zara made reference to the fact that they were fellow Catholics by hanging banners marked with crosses from their windows and the walls of the city, but nevertheless the city fell on 24 November 1202 after a brief siege. There was extensive pillaging, and the Venetians and other crusaders came to blows over the division of the spoils. Order was achieved, and the leaders of the expedition agreed to winter in Zara, while considering their next move.<ref>{{cite book |last=Runciman |first=Stephen |title=A History of the Crusades – the Kingdom of Arce and the Later Crusades |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1975 |page=115 |isbn=0-521-20554-9}}</ref> The fortifications of Zara were demolished by the Venetians.

When Innocent III heard of the sack, he sent a letter to the crusaders excommunicating them and ordering them to return to their holy vows and head for Jerusalem. Out of fear that this would dissolve the army, the leaders of the crusade decided not to inform their followers of this. Regarding the Crusaders as having been coerced by the Venetians, in February 1203 he rescinded the excommunications against all non-Venetians in the expedition.<ref name="Runciman98">Runciman, Steven. ''The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades,'' (1954; repr., London: Folio Society, 1994), 98</ref>