Editing Figure skating (section)

===Jumps===
{{Main|Figure skating jumps}}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|-
! colspan=2 | ISU abbreviations:<br>[[Figure skating jumps|Jumps]]
|-
! T || [[Toe loop jump|Toe loop]]
|-
! S || [[Salchow jump|Salchow]]
|-
! Lo || [[Loop jump|Loop]]
|-
! F || [[Flip jump|Flip]]
|-
! Lz || [[Lutz jump|Lutz]]
|-
! A || [[Axel jump|Axel]]
|}

Jumps involve the skater leaping into the air and rotating rapidly to land after completing one or more rotations. There are many types of jumps, identified by the way the skater takes off and lands, as well as by the number of rotations that are completed.

Each jump receives a score according to its base value and grade of execution (GOE).<ref name=isu2168/> Quality of execution, technique, height, speed, flow and ice coverage are considered by the judges. An ''under-rotated'' jump (indicated by{{spaces}}<{{spaces}}) is "missing rotation of more than {{frac|1|4}}, but less than {{frac|1|2}} revolution" and receives 70% of the base value. A ''downgraded'' jump (indicated by{{spaces}}<<{{spaces}}) is "missing rotation of {{frac|1|2}} revolution or more". A downgraded triple is treated as a double jump, while a downgraded double is treated as a single jump.

An edge violation occurs when a skater executes a jump on the incorrect edge. The hollow is a groove on the bottom of the [[Figure skate#Blades|blade]] which creates two distinct edges, inside and outside. The inside edge of the blade is on the side closest to the skater, the outside edge is on the side farthest from the skater, and a ''flat'' refers to skating on both edges at the same time, which is discouraged. An unclear edge or edge violation is indicated with an 'e' and reflected in the GOE according to the severity of the problem. ''Flutz'' and ''lip'' are the colloquial terms for a Lutz and flip jump with an edge violation.

In 1982, the [[International Skating Union|ISU]] enacted a rule stating that a skater may perform each type of triple only once in a program, or twice if one of them is incorporated into a combination or sequence. For a set of jumps to be considered a ''combination'', each jump must take off from the landing edge of the previous jump, with no steps, turns, or change of edge between jumps. Toe loops and loops are commonly performed as the second or third jump in a combination because they take off from the back outside edge of the landing foot, or skating leg. To perform a salchow or flip on the back end of a combination, a half loop (which is actually a full rotation, but lands on a back inside edge of the landing leg) may be used as a connecting jump. In contrast, jump ''sequences'' are sets of jumps that may be linked by non-listed jumps or hops.<ref name=tphss/> Sequences are worth 80% of the combined value of the same jumps executed in combination.
[[File:Figure Skating.webmhd.webm|thumb|left|Video demonstrating basic figure skating jumps]]

A figure skater only needs to be able to jump in one direction, either clockwise or counter-clockwise. The vast majority of figure skaters prefer to rotate in a counter-clockwise direction when jumping. Thus, for clarity, all jumps will be described for a skater jumping counter-clockwise.

There are six jumps in figure skating that count as jump elements. All six are landed on one foot on the back outside edge (with counter-clockwise rotation, for single and multi-revolution jumps), but have different takeoffs, by which they may be distinguished. Jumps are divided into two different categories: [[#Toe jumps|''toe jumps'']] and [[#Edge jumps|''edge jumps'']].

The number of rotations performed in the air determines whether the jump is a single, double, triple, or quadruple (commonly known as a "[[Quad (figure skating)|quad]]"). The simplest jump is a waltz jump, which can only be done in a half-leap and is not classified as a single, double, or triple jump. Triple jumps, other than the triple Axel, are commonly performed by female single skaters. It is rare for a female skater to land a quadruple jump, and very few female single skaters have been credited with quads in competition. Senior-level male single skaters perform mostly triple and quadruple jumps in competition. The final of the six jumps to be landed cleanly as a quad in international competition is the elusive [[Axel jump|quadruple Axel]]. A few male skaters made valiant efforts to land the immensely difficult four-and-a-half revolution jump (most notably two-time Olympic Champion from Japan, [[Yuzuru Hanyu]]), but failed to land one cleanly and fully-rotated. The first clean and fully-rotated quad Axel was successfully landed by American men's skater [[Ilia Malinin]] at the [[2022 CS U.S. International Figure Skating Classic|2022 CS U.S. Classic]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carpenter |first=Les |date=2022-09-15 |title=U.S. figure skater Ilia Malinin lands first quad axel in competition |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/2022/09/14/ilia-malinin-figure-skating-quad-axel/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208062724/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/2022/09/14/ilia-malinin-figure-skating-quad-axel/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 34 years after the first-ever quadruple jump (a quad toe loop) was landed by Canada's [[Kurt Browning]] at the World Figure Skating Championships in 1988.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ap |date=1988-03-26 |title=A Quadruple Jump on Ice |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/26/sports/a-quadruple-jump-on-ice.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130084837/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/26/sports/a-quadruple-jump-on-ice.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some elite skaters can complete a jump in about one second, with 26 inches of height and 10 feet in distance.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} The takeoff speed of a jump can reach up to 25 kilometers per hour.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=The Canadian Press |date=2014-10-31 |title=Figure skating analytics reveals speed, height |url=https://www.therecord.com/sports/figure-skating-analytics-reveals-speed-height/article_16b48c21-b9d5-59e2-b9e3-716dd4541786.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=The Record |language=en}}</ref> Prior to most jumps, a figure skater needs to skate backward to build power and speed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 29, 2020|title=why do figure skaters skate backwards?|url=https://skateperfect.com/why-do-figure-skaters-skate-backwards/|access-date=June 14, 2020|website=Skate Perfect|language=en-US|archive-date=June 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614153910/https://skateperfect.com/why-do-figure-skaters-skate-backwards/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Toe jumps====
Toe jumps are launched by digging the toe pick of one skate into the ice, using it to vault into the air with the opposite leg. The main toe jumps are (in order of score value):<ref>{{cite web|title=Jumps|publisher=Holland Ice Academy|url=http://hollandiceacademy.com/en/jumps|access-date=November 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128001301/https://hollandiceacademy.com/en/jumps|archive-date=November 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
#[[Toe loop jump|Toe loop]] – the skater takes off backwards from the outside edge of the right (or left) foot, launching the jump using the opposite toe pick.
#[[Flip jump|Flip]] (sometimes known as a toe salchow){{snd}}the skater takes off backwards from the inside edge of the left (or right) foot and assists the take-off using the opposite toe pick.
#[[Lutz jump|Lutz]] – similar to the flip, but the skater takes off from the backward ''outside'' edge of the left (or right) foot, launching the jump using the opposite toe pick.

All of the above descriptions assume a counter-clockwise direction of rotation, landing backwards on the outside edge of the right foot. (For clockwise rotation, the skater takes off using the alternative foot and lands backwards on the outside edge of the left foot.)

====Edge jumps====
[[File:Axel Paulsen jump without text.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|An Axel jump]]

Edge jumps use no toe assist, and include (in order of score value):
#[[Salchow jump|Salchow]] – the skater takes off backwards from the inside edge of the left (or right) foot, allowing the edge to come round, the opposite leg helps to launch the jump into the air.
#[[Loop jump|Loop]] (also known as a Rittberger jump){{snd}}the skater takes off backwards from the outside edge of the right (or left) foot.
#[[Axel jump|Axel]] – the skater takes off forwards from the outside edge of the left (or right) foot. As this is the only rotating jump to take off from a forward edge, it includes an extra half rotation.

Again, these descriptions assume a counter-clockwise direction of rotation, landing backwards on the outside edge of the right foot. (For clockwise rotation, the skater takes off using the alternative foot and always lands backwards on the outside edge of the left foot.)

====Other jumps====
Several other jumps are usually performed only as single jumps and in elite skating are used as transitional movements or highlights in step sequences. These include the half toe loop (ballet jump), half loop, half flip, [[walley jump]], [[waltz jump]], inside Axel, one-foot Axel, stag jump, and [[split jump]]. There are two kinds of split jump:
*Russian split, performed in a position that is similar to that of a straddle split
*front split, performed in the position of the more traditional split, facing the direction of the front leg
<gallery>
File:2011 WFSC 4d 066 Ross Miner.JPG|[[Ross Miner]] sets up for a jump.
File:2011 WFSC 3d 009 Denis Ten.JPG|[[Denis Ten]] sets up for a jump.
File:2011 WFSC 3d 183 Kevin van der Perren.JPG|[[Kevin van der Perren]] rotates in the air.
File:Jamal Othman Jump 2 - 2006 Skate Canada.jpg|[[Jamal Othman]] lands on the right back outside edge.
</gallery><gallery>
File:Marissa Castelli & Simon Shnapir 2LoTh 2009 Junior Worlds.jpg|Pairs skaters [[Marissa Castelli]] and [[Simon Shnapir]] set up for a throw jump.
File:Jessica Miller & Ian Moram Throw Jump - 2006 Skate Canada.jpg|A pair team after the woman has been thrown: Jessica Miller rotates in the air.
File:Anabelle Langlois & Cody Hay Throw Jump - 2006 Skate America.jpg|[[Anabelle Langlois]] lands after performing a throw jump with [[Cody Hay]].
</gallery>