Editing Fermi paradox (section)

=== Great Filter ===
{{main|Great Filter}}
The Great Filter, a concept introduced by [[Robin Hanson]] in 1996, represents whatever natural phenomena that would make it unlikely for life to evolve from inanimate matter to an [[Kardashev scale|advanced civilization]].<ref name="Hanson">{{cite web|last=Hanson |first=Robin |author-link=Robin Hanson |url=http://hanson.gmu.edu/greatfilter.html |title=The Great Filter – Are We Almost Past It? |date=1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507074729/http://hanson.gmu.edu/greatfilter.html |archive-date=2010-05-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20150803"/> The most commonly agreed-upon low probability event is [[abiogenesis]]: a gradual process of increasing complexity of the first self-replicating molecules by a randomly occurring chemical process. Other proposed great filters are the emergence of [[eukaryotes|eukaryotic cells]]<ref group=note>Eukaryotes also include plants, animals, fungi, and algae.</ref> or of [[meiosis]] or some of the steps involved in the evolution of a brain capable of complex logical deductions.<ref name="Lineweaver, 2009"/>

Astrobiologists [[Dirk Schulze-Makuch]] and William Bains, reviewing the history of life on Earth, including [[convergent evolution]], concluded that transitions such as [[oxygenic photosynthesis]], the [[eukaryote|eukaryotic cell]], [[multicellularity]], and [[tool]]-using [[intelligence]] are likely to occur on any Earth-like planet given enough time. They argue that the Great Filter may be abiogenesis, the rise of technological human-level intelligence, or an inability to settle other worlds because of self-destruction or a lack of resources.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schulze-Makuch |first1=Dirk |last2=Bains |first2=William |title=The Cosmic Zoo: Complex Life on Many Worlds |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-62045-9 |pages=201–206 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7E_DwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> Paleobiologist [[Olev Vinn]] has suggested that the great filter may have universal biological roots related to evolutionary animal behavior.<ref name=vinn2024>{{cite journal|last=Vinn|first=O.|date=2024|title=Potential incompatibility of inherited behavior patterns with civilization: Implications for Fermi paradox|journal=Science Progress|volume=107|issue=3|pages=1–6|doi=10.1177/00368504241272491|pmid=  39105260|s2cid=  |doi-access=free|pmc=11307330}}</ref>