Editing Fat Man (section)

==Bombing of Nagasaki==
{{main|Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki#Bombing of Nagasaki}}

===Assembly===
[[File:Nagasakibomb.jpg|thumb|Mushroom cloud after Fat Man exploded over [[Nagasaki]] on 9 August 1945]]
The first plutonium core was transported with its polonium-beryllium modulated neutron initiator in the custody of [[Project Alberta]] courier [[Raemer Schreiber]] in a magnesium field carrying case designed for the purpose by Philip Morrison. Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a tamper.{{sfn|Coster-Mullen|2012|p=45}} It left [[Kirtland Air Force Base|Kirtland Army Air Field]] on a [[C-54]] transport aircraft of the [[509th Composite Group]]'s 320th Troop Carrier Squadron on 26 July and arrived at [[North Field (Tinian)|North Field]] on [[Tinian, Northern Mariana Islands|Tinian]] on 28 July. Three Fat Man high-explosive pre-assemblies (designated F31, F32, and F33) were picked up at Kirtland on 28 July by three B-29s: ''[[Luke the Spook]]'' and ''[[Laggin' Dragon]]'' from the 509th Composite Group's [[393d Bombardment Squadron]], and another from the [[216th Army Air Forces Base Unit]]. The cores were transported to North Field, arriving on 2 August, when F31 was partly disassembled in order to check all its components. F33 was expended near Tinian during a final rehearsal on 8 August. F32 presumably would have been used for a third attack or its rehearsal.{{sfn|Campbell|2005|pp=38–40}}

On 7 August, the day after the bombing of Hiroshima, [[Rear Admiral (United States)|Rear Admiral]] [[William R. Purnell]], [[Rear Admiral (United States)|Commodore]] [[William S. Parsons]], Tibbets, [[General (United States)|General]] [[Carl Spaatz]] and [[Major General (United States)|Major General]] [[Curtis LeMay]] met on Guam to discuss what should be done next.{{sfn|Russ|1990|pp=64–65}} Since there was no indication of Japan surrendering,{{sfn|Frank|1999|pp=283–284}} they decided to proceed with their orders and drop another bomb. Parsons said that Project Alberta would have it ready by 11 August, but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm and asked if the bomb could be made ready by 9 August. Parsons agreed to try to do so.{{sfn|Russ|1990|pp=64–65}}{{sfn|Groves|1962|p=342}}

Fat Man F31 was assembled on Tinian by Project Alberta personnel,{{sfn|Campbell|2005|pp=38–40}} and the physics package was fully assembled and wired. It was placed inside its ellipsoidal aerodynamic bombshell, which was painted mustard yellow, and wheeled out, where it was signed by nearly 60 people, including Purnell, Brigadier General [[Thomas F. Farrell]], and Parsons.{{sfn|Coster-Mullen|2012|p=67}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Wellerstein |first=Alex |date=2015-08-07 |title=What About Nagasaki? |url=https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/nagasaki-the-last-bomb |access-date=2024-07-28 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X}}</ref> The acronym "JANCFU" was stenciled on the bomb's nose, standing for "Joint Army-Navy-Civilian Fuckup", a play on the acronym "[[SNAFU]]".<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=World War II: the battle for Kiska (pt 2). - Free Online Library |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/World+War+II:+the+battle+for+Kiska+(pt+2)-a030243144 |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com |quote=It was the Battle of Kiska that would lead Time magazine to create the acronym, JANFU (joint army-navy foul-up) to complement the earlier SNAFU (situation normal, all fouled-up).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Ellen |last1=Bradbury |first2=Sandra |last2=Blakeslee |date=5 August 2022 |title=The harrowing story of the Nagasaki bombing mission |url=https://thebulletin.org/2022/08/harrowing-story-of-the-nagasaki-bombing-mission/ |access-date=28 July 2024 |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |quote=It even had a code: JANCFU for "joint army navy combined foul up" which was a cousin of "SNAFU", military vernacular for "situation normal, all f***ed up."}}</ref> It was then wheeled to the [[bomb bay]] of the B-29 Superfortress named ''[[Bockscar]]''<!-- yes, it is "Bockscar" not "Bock's Cr". This is ''not'' a typo! --> after the plane's command pilot Captain [[Frederick C. Bock]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awesometalks.wordpress.com/2008/08/07/bockscar-the-forgotten-plane-that-dropped-the-atomic-bomb/ |title=Bockscar … The Forgotten Plane That Dropped The Atomic Bomb « A Little Touch of History |date=7 August 2008 |publisher=Awesometalks.wordpress.com |access-date=31 August 2012}}</ref> who flew ''[[The Great Artiste]]'' with his crew on the mission. ''Bockscar'' was flown by Major [[Charles W. Sweeney]] and his crew, with Commander [[Frederick L. Ashworth]] from Project Alberta as the weaponeer in charge of the bomb.{{sfn|Campbell|2005|p=32}}

===Detonation===
{{See also|Weather events during wars#World War II}}
[[File:Nagasaki509th 1.gif|thumb|right|Detonation of the Mark III 'Fat Man' and ensuing mushroom cloud.]]
[[File:Nagasaki509th 2.gif|thumb|right]]
[[File:Hypocenter_of_Atomic_bombings_in_Nagasaki.jpg|265x265px|right|thumb|[[Hypocenter]] of Fat Man Atomic bomb in Nagasaki]]
''Bockscar'' lifted off at 03:47 on 9 August 1945, with [[Kokura]] as the primary target and [[Nagasaki]] the secondary target. The weapon was already armed but with the green electrical safety plugs still engaged. Ashworth changed them to red after ten minutes so that Sweeney could climb to {{convert|17000|ft}} in order to get above storm clouds.{{sfn|Rhodes|1986|p=740}} During the pre-flight inspection of ''Bockscar'', the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use {{convert|640|USgal|L}} of fuel carried in a reserve tank. This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back, consuming still more fuel. Replacing the pump would take hours; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well, as the bomb was live. Colonel [[Paul Tibbets]] and Sweeney therefore elected to have ''Bockscar'' continue the mission.{{sfn|Sweeney|Antonucci|Antonucci|1997|pp=204–205}}

[[File:Nagasaki 1945 - Before and after (adjusted).jpg|thumb|right|Effects of the Fat Man's detonation on Nagasaki]]
Kokura was obscured by clouds and drifting smoke from fires started by a major [[firebombing]] raid by 224 B-29s on nearby [[Yahata, Fukuoka|Yahata]] the previous day. This covered 70% of the area over Kokura, obscuring the aiming point. Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes, burning fuel and repeatedly exposing the aircraft to the heavy defenses of Yahata, but the bombardier was unable to drop visually. By the time of the third bomb run, Japanese [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft fire]] was getting close; Second Lieutenant [[Jacob Beser]] was monitoring Japanese communications, and he reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands.{{sfn|Sweeney|Antonucci|Antonucci|1997|pp=179, 213–215}}

Sweeney then proceeded to the alternative target of Nagasaki. It was obscured by clouds as well, and Ashworth ordered Sweeney to make a radar approach. At the last minute, however, bombardier{{sfn|Rhodes|1986|p=740}} Captain [[Kermit K. Beahan]]{{sfn|Campbell|2005|p=32}} found a hole in the clouds. The Fat Man was dropped and exploded at 11:02 local time, following a 43-second free-fall, at an altitude of about {{convert|1650|ft}}.{{sfn|Rhodes|1986|p=740}} 

An estimated 35,000–40,000 people were killed outright by the bombing at Nagasaki. A total of 60,000–80,000 fatalities resulted, including from long-term health effects, the strongest of which was leukemia with an attributable risk of 46% for bomb victims.<ref>[http://k1project.org/explore-health/hiroshima-and-nagasaki-the-long-term-health-effects Columbia university center for nuclear studies: Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Long Term Health Effects] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723042220/http://k1project.org/explore-health/hiroshima-and-nagasaki-the-long-term-health-effects |date=23 July 2015 }}, updated 7/3/2014</ref> Others died later from related blast and burn injuries, and hundreds more from radiation illnesses from exposure to the bomb's initial radiation.{{sfn|Craven|Cate|1953|pp=723–725}} Most of the direct deaths and injuries were among munitions or industrial workers.<ref name="HOG">{{cite book |title=Nuke-Rebuke: Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons (The Contemporary anthology series) |pages=22–29 |date=1 May 1984 |publisher=The Spirit That Moves Us Press}}</ref>

Mitsubishi's industrial production in the city was severed by the attack; the dockyard would have produced at 80 percent of its full capacity within three to four months, the steelworks would have required a year to get back to substantial production, the electric works would have resumed some production within two months and been back at capacity within six months, and the arms plant would have required 15 months to return to 60 to 70 percent of former capacity. The Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works, which manufactured the [[Type 91 torpedo]]es released in the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], was destroyed in the blast.<ref name="HOG"/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey |title=United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report (Pacific War) The Effects of the Atomic Bombs |url=http://www.anesi.com/ussbs01.htm#teotab |page=24}}</ref>