Editing Fascism (section)

===Background and 19th-century roots===
[[File:Hoplit.png|thumb|Depiction of a Greek Hoplite warrior; ancient [[Sparta]] has been considered an inspiration for fascist and quasi-fascist movements, such as [[Nazism]] and quasi-fascist [[Metaxism]]<ref>{{harvp|Roche|2017|pp=3–28}}; {{harvp|Cole|2019}}; {{harvp|Grafton|Most|Settis|2010|p=353}}; {{harvp|Fischer|2007|p=184}}</ref>]]

Early influences that shaped the ideology of fascism have been dated back to [[ancient Greece]]. The political culture of ancient Greece and specifically the ancient Greek city state of [[Sparta]] under [[Lycurgus of Sparta|Lycurgus]], with its emphasis on militarism and racial purity, were admired by the Nazis.{{sfnp|Roche|2017|pp=3–28}}{{sfnp|Cole|2019}}{{sfnp|Grafton|Most|Settis|2010|p=353}} Nazi ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] emphasized that Germany should adhere to Hellenic values and culture – particularly that of ancient Sparta.{{sfnp|Roche|2017|pp=3–28}}{{sfnp|Cole|2019}}

[[Georges Valois]], founder of the first non-Italian fascist party [[Faisceau]],{{sfnp|Sternhell|1976}} claimed the roots of fascism stemmed from the late 18th century [[Jacobin (politics)|Jacobin]] movement, seeing in its totalitarian nature a foreshadowing of the fascist state.{{sfnp|Camus|Lebourg|2017|p=20}} Historian [[George Mosse]] similarly analyzed fascism as an inheritor of the [[mass movement (politics)|mass ideology]] and [[civil religion]] of the [[French Revolution]], as well as a result of the brutalization of societies in 1914–1918.{{sfnp|Camus|Lebourg|2017|p=20}}

Historians such as [[Irene Collins]] and Howard C Payne see [[Napoleon III]], who ran a 'police state' and suppressed the media, as a forerunner of fascism.{{sfnp|Williams|2015|p=28}} According to [[David Thomson (historian)|David Thomson]],{{sfnp|Thomson|1966|p=293}} the Italian [[Risorgimento]] of 1871 led to the 'nemesis of fascism'. [[William L Shirer]]{{sfnp|Shirer|1960|p=97}} sees a continuity from the views of [[Fichte]] and [[Hegel]], through [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]], to Hitler; [[Robert Gerwarth]] speaks of a 'direct line' from Bismarck to Hitler.{{sfnp|Gerwarth|2005|p=166}} Julian Dierkes sees fascism as a 'particularly violent form of [[imperialism]]'.{{sfnp|Dierkes|2010|p=54}}

[[Marcus Garvey]], founder and leader of the [[Universal Negro Improvement Association]], insisted that he and his organisation "were the first fascists".{{sfnp|Gregor|2006|p=111}} In 1938, [[C. L. R. James]] wrote "all the things that Hitler was to do so well later, Marcus Garvey was doing in 1920 and 1921".{{sfnp|Gilroy|2000|p=70}}