Editing Failed state (section)

=== Qualitative approach ===

The qualitative approach embraces theoretical frameworks. Normally, this type of measurement applies stage models to allow the categorization of states. In three to five stages, researchers show state failure as a process. Notable researchers, inter alia, are [[Robert I. Rotberg]] in the Anglo-American and Ulrich Schneckener in the German sphere.

Ulrich Schneckener's (2006) stage model defines three core elements, [[monopoly of violence]], legitimacy, and rule of law. The typology is based on the ''security first'' logic and thus, shows the relevance of the monopoly of violence in comparison to the other two while at the same time acting as the precondition for a functioning state. His four statehood types are: (1) consolidated and consolidating states, (2) weak states, (3) failing, and (4) collapsed/failed states. The first type is directed towards functioning states; all core functions of the state are functioning in the long term. In weak states, the monopoly of force is still intact, but the other two areas show serious deficits. Failing states lack the monopoly of force, while the other areas function at least partially. Finally, collapsed or failed states are dominated by parastatal structures characterized by actors trying to create a certain internal order, but the state cannot sufficiently serve the three core elements.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schneckener |first=Ulrich |year=2004 |chapter=States at Risk – zur Analyse fragiler Staatlichkeit. Welcome back – Staatszerfall als Problem der internationalen Politik |title=States at Risk. Fragile Staaten als Sicherheits- und Entwicklungsproblem |publisher=SWP Studie Berlin |url=http://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/studien/2004_S43_skr_ks.pdf}}</ref>

Both research approaches show some irregularities. While the quantitative approach lacks transparency concerning its indicators and their balancing in the evaluation process of countries, the qualitative approach shows a diversity of different foci. One of the major discrepancies is the question of whether all the stages have to be taken continuously or if a state can skip one phase. Schneckener stresses that his model should actually not be interpreted as a stage model as, in his opinion, states do not necessarily undergo every stage. Robert I. Rotberg's model underlies an ordinal logic and thus, implies that the state failure process is a chronological chain of phases.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rotberg |first1=Robert I. |year=2004 |chapter=The Failure and Collapse of Nation-States: Break-down, Prevention, and Repair |chapter-url=http://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s7666.pdf |editor1-last=Rotberg |editor1-first=Robert I. |title=When States Fail: Causes and Consequences |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref>