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==Exposure settings== [[File:Auto vs manual settings comparison, barn and trees.jpg|thumb|right|Two similar images, one taken in auto mode (underexposed), the other with manual settings]] ===Manual exposure=== In manual mode, the photographer adjusts the [[lens aperture]] and/or [[shutter speed]] to achieve the desired exposure. Many photographers choose to control aperture and shutter independently because opening up the aperture increases exposure, but also decreases the [[depth of field]], and a slower shutter increases exposure but also increases the opportunity for [[motion blur]]. "Manual" exposure calculations may be based on some method of [[light meter]]ing with a working knowledge of [[exposure value]]s, the [[APEX system]] and/or the [[Zone System]]. ===Automatic exposure=== [[File:Houseoltreilcolle.JPG|right|thumb|Buildings and trees photographed with an [[shutter speed|autoexposure time]] of 1/200 s]] A camera in '''automatic exposure''' or '''autoexposure''' (usually [[list of abbreviations in photography|initialized]] as '''AE''') mode automatically calculates and adjusts exposure settings to match (as closely as possible) the subject's mid-tone to the mid-tone of the photograph. For most cameras, this means using an on-board [[through-the-lens metering|TTL]] [[light meter|exposure meter]]. [[Aperture priority]] (commonly [[list of abbreviations in photography|abbreviated]] as ''A'', or ''Av'' for ''aperture value'') mode gives the photographer manual control of the aperture, whilst the camera automatically adjusts the shutter speed to achieve the exposure specified by the TTL meter. [[Shutter priority]] (often abbreviated as ''S'', or ''Tv'' for ''time value'') mode gives manual shutter control, with automatic aperture compensation. In each case, the actual exposure level is still determined by the camera's exposure meter. ===Exposure compensation=== {{main article|Exposure compensation}} [[File:Runeberginkatu, Helsinki, in bright sunlight.jpg|thumb|right|A street view of [[Taka-Töölö]], [[Helsinki]], Finland, during a very sunny winter day. The image has been deliberately overexposed by +1 EV to compensate for the bright sunlight and the exposure time calculated by the camera's program automatic metering is still 1/320 s.]] The purpose of an [[exposure meter]] is to estimate the subject's mid-tone [[luminance]] and indicate the camera exposure settings required to record this as a mid-tone. In order to do this it has to make a number of assumptions which, under certain circumstances, will be wrong. If the exposure setting indicated by an exposure meter is taken as the "reference" exposure, the photographer may wish to deliberately ''overexpose'' or ''underexpose'' in order to compensate for known or anticipated metering inaccuracies. Cameras with any kind of internal exposure meter usually feature an exposure compensation setting which is intended to allow the photographer to simply offset the exposure level from the internal meter's estimate of appropriate exposure. Frequently calibrated in stops,<ref>{{cite book | title = Total Digital Photography | author = Chris George | publisher = Running Press | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-7624-2808-3 | pages = 54–55 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hr5BPp8Pf2EC&q=exposure-compensation+++stops&pg=PA54 }}</ref> also known as [[Exposure value#Exposure compensation in EV|EV units]],<ref>{{cite book | title = The Manual of Photography | author = R E Jacobson | publisher = Focal Press | date = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-240-51574-8 | page = 318 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5YnWKdBWEd8C&q=exposure-compensation+exposure-value&pg=PA318 }}</ref> a "+1" exposure compensation setting indicates one stop more (twice as much) exposure and "–1" means one stop less (half as much) exposure.<ref>{{cite book | title = Photographic Lighting : Essential Skills | author = John Child | author2 = Mark Galer | publisher = Focal Press | date = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-240-51964-7 | page = 51 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ML3S7IuKaXUC&q=exposure+compensation&pg=PA51}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Nikon D80 Digital Field Guide | author = David D. Busch | publisher = John Wiley and Sons | date = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-470-12051-4 | page = 11 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ejLbFj1PvzoC&q=exposure-compensation+twice+half&pg=PA11 }}</ref> Exposure compensation is particularly useful in combination with auto-exposure mode, as it allows the photographer to ''bias'' the exposure level without resorting to full manual exposure and losing the flexibility of auto exposure. On low-end video camcorders, exposure compensation may be the only manual exposure control available.
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