Editing Ewald Hering (section)

=== Hyperacuity ===

[[File:Ewald Hering (1899) Fig 2.pdf|thumb|right|240px|Ewald Hering's model of how a Vernier acuity stimulus is coded by a receptor array. Receptors marked ''c'' signal a different position code along the horizontal direction from either the position ''a'' code or the position ''b'' code.<ref name="Strasburger-2018" />]]Hering did seminal work on what we now<ref>following [[Gerald Westheimer|G. Westheimer]]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Westheimer | first = Gerald | title = Visual acuity and hyperacuity | journal = Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science | volume = 14 | pages = 570–572| year = 1975| issue = 8 | pmid = 1150397 }}</ref><ref>[https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2175231 Link to Westheimer (1975)]</ref> call [[hyperacuity]]: spatial resolution in certain visual tasks that exceeds [[visual acuity]] by about an order of magnitude. In his famous 1899 treatise "On the Limits of Visual Acuity"<ref name="Strasburger-2018">{{cite journal | last1 = Strasburger | first1 = Hans | last2 = Huber | first2 = Jörg | last3 = Rose | first3 = David | title = Ewald Hering (1899) On the Limits of Visual Acuity: A Translation and Commentary. With a Supplement on Alfred Volkmann (1863) Physiological Investigations in the Field of Optics | journal = i-Perception| volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 204166951876367 | year = 2018 | doi = 10.1177/2041669518763675 | pmid = 29899967 | pmc = 5990881 }}</ref> he summarized empirical data published 1863 by [[Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann]]<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Strasburger|first1= Hans|last2= Rose| first2=David |year=2018| title=Alfred Volkmann (1863). Physiological Investigations in the Field of Optics (Physiologische Untersuchungen im Gebiete der Optik). Partial translation and Commentary; Supplement to Strasburger, H.; Huber, J.; Rose, D. (2018). "Ewald Hering (1899) On the Limits of Visual Acuity|journal= i-Perception| volume=9 |issue=3| pages=204166951876367 |doi= 10.1177/2041669518763675|pmid= 29899967|pmc= 5990881}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last= Volkmann|first= Alfred|year= 1863| title= Physiological Investigations in the Field of Optics (Physiologische Untersuchungen im Gebiete der Optik) | location=Leipzig|publisher= Breitkopf und Härtel |url= https://archive.org/details/b22328221}}</ref> and Ernst Anton Wülfing 1892<ref>{{cite journal | last = Wülfing | first = Ernst Anton | title = Ueber den kleinsten Gesichtswinkel [On the smallest visual angle]| journal = Zeitschrift für Biologie |series=Neue Folge | volume = 11 | pages = 199–202| year = 1892 | url =  https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftfrbi53unkngoog}}</ref> who found that there are visual tasks in which  spatial resolution goes well below the size of [[cone cells|receptor cells]] in the central retina.<ref>"In the year 1892, Wülfing showed that one can recognise differences in position that correspond to a visual angle of 12–10'' or even less" (translated from Hering 1899)</ref> In an explanatory model, Hering superimposed a [[Vernier acuity]] stimulus – a disalignment among two line segments – onto an idealized receptor array. He argued that, by a mechanism of integration across [[Microsaccade|small eye movements]], the location information signalled by the involved receptors is coded to a much higher precision than would be possible by a single receptor, an explanation that still holds up today.<ref name="Strasburger-2018" /><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Westheimer | first1 = Gerald| title = Hering Hermeneutics: Supplement to Translation and Commentary of Hering (1899) by Strasburger et al. | journal = i-Perception| volume = 9 | issue = 6 | pages = 204166951881592 | year = 2018 | doi = 10.1177/2041669518815921| pmid = 30559959| pmc = 6291878}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Jiang | first1 = H. | last2 = Cottaris | first2 = N. | last3 = Golden | first3 = J. | last4 = Brainard | first4 = D. | last5 = Farrell | first5 = J. E. | last6 = Wandell | first6 = B. A. | title = Simulating retinal encoding: Factors influencing Vernier acuity | journal = Human Vision and Electronic Imaging | volume = 2017 | issue = 14 | pages = 177–181 | year = 2017 | url =  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/02/17/109405| doi = 10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2017.14.HVEI-140 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rucci | first1 = M. | last2 = Lovin | first2 = R. | last3 = Poletti | first3 = M. | last4 = Santini | first4 = F. | title = Miniature eye movements enhance fine spatial detail | journal = Nature | volume = 447 | issue = 7146 | pages = 851–854 | year = 2007 | url =  https://open.bu.edu/bitstream/handle/2144/2052/06.010.pdf?sequence=1| doi = 10.1038/nature05866 | pmid = 17568745 | bibcode = 2007Natur.447..852R | s2cid = 4416740 }}</ref>