Editing Etiquette (section)

=== Evolutionary perspectives===
In studying the expression of emotion by humans and animals, naturalist [[Charles Darwin]] noted the universality of facial expressions of [[disgust]] and [[shame]] among infants and blind people, and concluded that the emotional responses of shame and disgust are innate behaviours.<ref>{{cite book|last=Darwin|first=C.|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=F1142&viewtype=text|title=The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals|location=London|publisher=John Murray|year=1872}}</ref>

Public health specialist [[Val Curtis|Valerie Curtis]] said that the development of facial responses was concomitant with the development of manners, which are behaviours with an [[Evolutionary biology|evolutionary]] role in preventing the [[Transmission (medicine)|transmission of disease]]s, thus, people who practise [[Hygiene|personal hygiene]] and [[politeness]] will most benefit from membership in their social group, and so stand the best chance of biological survival, by way of opportunities for [[reproduction]].<ref name=Revulsion>{{cite book|last=Curtis|first=V.|title=Don't Look, Don't Touch – The Science Behind Revulsion|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Curtis|first1=V.|last2=Aunger|first2=R.|last3=Rabie|first3=T.|title=Evidence that Disgust Evolved to Protect from Risk of Disease|journal= Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences|volume=271|issue= Suppl 4|year=2004|pages=  S131-3|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2003.0144|pmid=15252963 |pmc=1810028 }}</ref>

From the study of the evolutionary bases of [[prejudice]], social psychologists Catherine Cottrell and [[Steven Neuberg]] said that human behavioural responses to '[[Other (philosophy)|otherness]]' might enable the preservation of manners and [[social norms]].<ref name="Evolutionary Bases of Prejudices">{{cite book|last1=Neuberg|first1=S.L.|last2=Cottrell|first2=C.A.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aJe9fLi8pW0C&dq=%28Cottrell+%26+Neuberg+2005%29.+evolutionary+bases+of+prejudice&pg=PA163|chapter=Evolutionary Bases of Prejudices|title=Evolution and Social Psychology|editor-last=Schaller|editor-first=M.|display-editors=etal|location=New York|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2006|isbn=1134952422 }}</ref> The feeling of "foreignness"—which people experience in their first social interaction with someone from another culture—might partly serve an [[evolution]]ary function: 'Group living surrounds one with individuals [who are] able to physically harm fellow group members, to spread contagious disease, or to "free ride" on their efforts'; therefore, a commitment to [[sociality]] is a risk: 'If threats, such as these, are left unchecked, the costs of sociality will quickly exceed its benefits. Thus, to maximize the returns on group "living", individual group members should be attuned to others' features or behaviors.'<ref name="Evolutionary Bases of Prejudices"/>

Therefore, people who possess the social traits common to the cultural group are to be trusted, and people without the common social traits are to be distrusted as 'others', and thus treated with suspicion or excluded from the group. That pressure of social exclusivity, born from the shift towards [[communal living]], excluded uncooperative people and persons with poor personal hygiene. The threat of social exclusion led people to avoid personal behaviours that might embarrass the group or that might provoke revulsion among the group.<ref name="Revulsion" />

To demonstrate the transmission of [[Conformity|social conformity]], anthropologists [[Joseph Henrich]] and [[Robert Boyd (anthropologist)|Robert Boyd]] developed a behavioural model in which manners are a means of mitigating social differences, curbing undesirable personal behaviours, and fostering co-operation within the social group. [[Natural selection]] favoured the acquisition of genetically transmitted mechanisms for learning, thereby increasing a person's chances for acquiring locally adaptive behaviours: "Humans possess a reliably developing neural encoding that compels them both to punish individuals who violate group norms (common beliefs or practices) and [to] punish individuals who do not punish norm-violators."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Henrich|first1=J.|last2=Boyd|first2=R.|url=http://www.ehbonline.org/article/S1090-5138%2898%2900018-X/abstract|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131026172158/http://www.ehbonline.org/article/S1090-5138(98)00018-X/abstract|archive-date=October 26, 2013|url-status=dead|title=The Evolution of Conformist Transmission and the Emergence of Between Group Differences|journal=Evolution and Human Behavior|volume=19|number=4|pages=215–41|year=1998|doi=10.1016/S1090-5138(98)00018-X |bibcode=1998EHumB..19..215H }}</ref>