Editing Ernest Hemingway (section)

== World War II ==
The United States [[United States declaration of war on Japan|entered the war]] after the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]] in December 1941.<ref name="Reynolds p332ff">Reynolds (2012), 332–333</ref> Back in Cuba, Hemingway refitted the ''Pilar'' as a [[Q-boat]] and went on patrol for German [[U-boat]]s.<ref group="note">Germany targeted ships leaving the [[Lago Oil and Transport Company|Lago refinery]] in [[Aruba]] to transport oil products to England; in 1942, more than 250 ships were destroyed. See Reynolds (2012), 336</ref><ref name="Putnam" /> He also created a counterintelligence unit headquartered in his guesthouse to surveil [[Falangism|Falangist]]s,<ref name="Mellow p526ff">Mellow (1992), 526–527</ref> and Nazi sympathizers.<ref name="Meyers p337">Meyers (1985), 337</ref> Martha and his friends thought his activities "little more than a diverting racket", but the FBI began watching him and compiled a 124-page file.<ref group="note">He would remain under surveillance until his death. See Meyers (1985), 384</ref><ref name="Meyers p367">Meyers (1985), 367</ref> Martha wanted Hemingway in Europe as a journalist and failed to understand his reticence to take part in another European war. They fought frequently and bitterly, and he drank too much,<ref name="Reynolds p364ff">Reynolds (2012), 364–365</ref> until she left for Europe to report for ''[[Collier's]]'' in September 1943.<ref name="Reynolds p368ff">Reynolds (2012), 368</ref> On a visit to Cuba in March 1944, Hemingway was bullying and abusive with Martha. Reynolds writes that "looking backward from 1960–61 [anyone] might say that his behavior was a manifestation of the depression that eventually destroyed him".<ref name="Reynolds p368ff"/> A few weeks later, he contacted ''Collier's'' who made him their [[War correspondent|front-line correspondent]].<ref name="Reynolds p373ff">Reynolds (2012), 373–374</ref> He was in Europe from May 1944 to March 1945.<ref name="Meyers pp398-405"/>

[[File:Hemlatham-1.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Hemingway with [[Charles T. Lanham|Col. Charles "Buck" Lanham]] in Germany during the fighting in Hürtgenwald in 1944, after which he became ill with [[pneumonia]]|alt=photograph of two men]]

When he arrived in London, he met ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine correspondent [[Mary Welsh Hemingway|Mary Welsh]], with whom he became infatuated. Martha had been forced to cross the Atlantic in a ship filled with explosives because Hemingway refused to help her get a press pass on a plane, and she arrived in London to find him hospitalized with a concussion from a car accident. She was unsympathetic to his plight; she accused him of being a bully and told him that she was "through, absolutely finished".<ref name="Kert pp393-398">Kert (1983), 393–398</ref> The last time that Hemingway saw Martha was in March 1945 as he prepared to return to Cuba;<ref name="Meyers p416">Meyers (1985), 416</ref> their divorce was finalized later that year.<ref name="Kert pp393-398" /> Meanwhile, he had asked Mary Welsh to marry him on their third meeting.<ref name="Kert pp393-398" />

Hemingway sustained a severe head-wound that required 57 stitches.<ref>Farah (2017), 32</ref> Still suffering symptoms of the concussion,<ref name="Reynolds p377ff">Reynolds (2012), 377</ref> he accompanied troops to the [[Normandy landings]] wearing a large head bandage. The military treated him as "precious cargo" and he was not allowed ashore.<ref name="Meyers pp400">Meyers (1985), 400</ref> The [[LCVP (United States)|landing craft]] he was on came within sight of [[Omaha Beach]] before coming under enemy fire when it turned back. Hemingway later wrote in ''Collier's'' that he could see "the first, second, third, fourth and fifth waves of [landing troops] lay where they had fallen, looking like so many heavily laden bundles on the flat pebbly stretch between the sea and first cover".<ref>Reynolds (1999), 96–98</ref> Mellow explains that, on that first day, none of the correspondents were allowed to land and Hemingway was returned to the ''[[USS Dorothea L. Dix (AP-67)|Dorothea Dix]]''.<ref>Mellow (1992), 533</ref> Late in July, he attached himself to "the [[22nd Infantry Regiment (United States)|22nd Infantry Regiment]] commanded by Col. [[Charles T. Lanham|Charles 'Buck' Lanham]], as it drove toward Paris", and Hemingway became de facto leader to a small band of village militia in [[Rambouillet]] outside of Paris.<ref name="Meyers pp398-405">Meyers (1985), 398–405</ref> [[Paul Fussell]] remarks: "Hemingway got into considerable trouble playing infantry captain to a group of Resistance people that he gathered because a correspondent is not supposed to lead troops, even if he does it well."<ref name="Putnam" /> This was, in fact, in contravention of the [[Geneva Conventions|Geneva Convention]], and Hemingway was brought up on formal charges; he said that he "beat the rap" by claiming that he only offered advice.<ref name="Lynn 1987 518–519">Lynn (1987), 518–519</ref>

He was present at the [[liberation of Paris]] on August 25; however contrary to legend, he was not the first into the city nor did he liberate the [[Hôtel Ritz Paris|Ritz]].<ref name="Meyers p408ff">Meyers (1985) 408–411</ref> While there, he visited Sylvia Beach and met Picasso with Mary Welsh, and in a spirit of happiness, forgave Gertrude Stein.<ref name="Mellow p535ff">Mellow (1992), 535–540</ref> Later that year, he observed heavy fighting at the [[Battle of Hürtgen Forest]].<ref name="Meyers p408ff" /> On December 17, 1944, he traveled to Luxembourg, in spite of illness, to report on [[The Battle of the Bulge]]. As soon as he arrived, however, Lanham referred him to the doctors, who hospitalized him with pneumonia; he recovered a week later, but most of the fighting was over.<ref name="Lynn 1987 518–519" /> He was awarded a [[Bronze Star]] for bravery in 1947, in recognition for having been "under fire in combat areas in order to obtain an accurate picture of conditions".<ref name="Putnam" />