Editing Emacs Lisp (section)

===From dynamic to lexical scoping===
Like MacLisp, Emacs Lisp uses dynamic [[scope (computer science)|scope]], offering static (or lexical) as an option starting from version 24.<ref>{{cite web|title=Emacs 24.1 released|url=http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2012-06/msg00164.html|publisher=Lists.gnu.org|access-date=2013-08-18}}</ref> It can be activated by setting the file local variable <code>lexical-binding</code>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2011-04/msg00043.html |title=Lexical binding |publisher=Lists.gnu.org |date=2011-04-01 |access-date=2013-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/DynamicBindingVsLexicalBinding#toc8 |title=Dynamic Binding Vs Lexical Binding |publisher=EmacsWiki |date=2013-05-17 |access-date=2013-08-18}}</ref> Before this option was added, one could use the <code>lexical-let</code> macro from the (now deprecated) "cl" package to provide effective lexical scope.<ref>{{cite web |title=Obsolete Lexical Binding |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/cl/Obsolete-Lexical-Binding.html |website=GNU Emacs Common Lisp Emulation |publisher=GNU Press |access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref>

In dynamic scoping, if a programmer declares a variable within the scope of a function, it is available to subroutines called from within that function. Originally, this was intended as an [[Optimization (computer science)|optimization]]; lexical scoping was still uncommon and of uncertain performance. In computer scientist Olin Shivers's recollection, "I asked RMS when he was implementing emacs lisp why it was dynamically scoped and his exact reply was that lexical scope was too inefficient."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://people.csail.mit.edu/gregs/ll1-discuss-archive-html/msg00650.html |title=T |publisher=People.csail.mit.edu |access-date=2013-08-18}}</ref> Dynamic scoping was also meant to provide greater flexibility for user customizations. However, dynamic scoping has several disadvantages. Firstly, it can easily lead to bugs in large programs, due to unintended interactions between variables in different functions. Secondly, accessing variables under dynamic scoping is generally slower than under lexical scoping.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Featherston|first1=Sam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4R1xtZzTFYC&q=scoping+is+generally+slower+than+under+lexical+scoping.&pg=PA39|title=Process|last2=Winkler|first2=Susanne|date=2009-06-02|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-021614-1|language=en}}</ref>