Editing Eiffel Tower (section)

===Subsequent events===
[[File:Vue Lumière No 992 - Panorama pendant l'ascension de la Tour Eiffel (1898).ogv|thumb|Panoramic view during ascent of the Eiffel Tower by the [[Auguste and Louis Lumière|Lumière brothers]], 1898]]

Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years. It was to be dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to the [[Paris|City of Paris]]. The city had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle) but as the tower proved to be valuable for many innovations in the early 20th century, particularly [[radio telegraphy]], it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit, and from 1910 it also became part of the International Time Service.<ref>{{cite book |title=Michelin Paris: Tourist Guide |date=1985 |publisher=Michelin Tyre Public Limited |isbn=9782060135427 |page=52 |edition=5 }}</ref>

For the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900 ''Exposition Universelle'']], the lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level constructed by the French firm Fives-Lille. These had a compensating mechanism to keep the floor level as the angle of ascent changed at the first level, and were driven by a similar hydraulic mechanism as the Otis lifts, although this was situated at the base of the tower. Hydraulic pressure was provided by pressurised accumulators located near this mechanism.<ref name="vogel_23-4"/> At the same time the lift in the north pillar was removed and replaced by a staircase to the first level. The layout of both first and second levels was modified, with the space available for visitors on the second level. The original lift in the south pillar was removed 13 years later.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

[[File:Santos-Dumont flight around the Eiffel Tower.jpg|thumbnail|upright|Santos-Dumont No. 5; 13 July 1901]]

On 19 October 1901, [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]], flying his [[Santos-Dumont number 6|No.6]] [[airship]], won a 100,000-franc prize offered by [[Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe]] for the first person to make a flight from [[Saint-Cloud|St. Cloud]] to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than half an hour.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title= M. Santos Dumont's Balloon |date=21 October 1901 |page=4 |issue=36591 |column=A |department=News}}</ref>

From 1910, the [[Astronomical clock|astronomical clocks]] of the [[Paris Observatory]] sent the time to sea daily through the Eiffel Tower within a radius of 5 000&nbsp;km.<ref name=":110">{{Cite web |title=Revivre notre histoire {{!}} Les 350 ans de l'Observatoire de Paris |url=http://350ans.obspm.fr/fr/exposition-virtuelle/revivre-notre-histoire |access-date=January 12, 2021 |website=350ans.obspm.fr}}</ref> The development of [[wireless telegraphy]] allowed unifying [[Universal Time]].<ref name=":110" /> On 9 March 1911, France adopted [[Greenwich Mean Time]] by law. However, the law did not refer to [[Prime meridian (Greenwich)|Greenwich Prime Meridian]], but to the [[local mean time]] of Paris delayed by 9 [[Minute|minutes]] and 21 [[Second|seconds]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Giret |first=A. |date=December 1, 1964 |title=Quelle heure est-il ? Rappel des textes définissant l'heure légale en France |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964LAstr..78..465G |journal=L'Astronomie |volume=78 |page=465 |bibcode=1964LAstr..78..465G |issn=0004-6302}}</ref> In 1912, following a report by [[Gustave-Auguste Ferrié|Gustave Ferrié]], the [[Bureau des Longitudes]] organized at the Paris Observatory a ''Conférence internationale de l'heure radiotélégraphique'' (International Radiotelegraph Time Conference). The [[International Time Bureau]] was created and installed in the premises of the Paris Observatory. However, due to [[World War I]], the International Convention was never ratified.<ref name=":272">{{Cite journal |last1=Guinot |first1=B. |year=2000 |title=History of the Bureau International de l'Heure |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2000ASPC..208..175G |journal=IAU Colloq. 178: Polar Motion: Historical and Scientific Problems |volume=208 |page=175 |bibcode=2000ASPC..208..175G |access-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref> In 1919, the existence of the International Time Bureau was formalized under the authority of an International Time Commission, under the aegis of the [[International Astronomical Union]], created by [[Benjamin Baillaud]].<ref name=":110" />

In 1910, [[Priest|Father]] [[Theodor Wulf]] measured [[radiant energy]] at the top and bottom of the tower. He found more at the top than expected, incidentally discovering what are known today as [[cosmic ray]]s.<ref name=Wulf>Theodor Wulf. ''Physikalische Zeitschrift''. Contains results of the four-day-long observation done by Theodor Wulf at the top of the Eiffel Tower in 1910.</ref> Two years later, on 4 February 1912, Austrian tailor [[Franz Reichelt]] died after jumping from the first level of the tower (a height of 57 m) to demonstrate his [[parachute]] design.<ref>{{cite news| title =L'inventeur d'un parachute se lance de le tour Eiffel et s'écrase sur le sol | work =Le Petit Parisien | date =5 February 1912 | url =http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k564237v.r=.langfr | page = 1| language = fr |access-date = 26 November 2009}}</ref> In 1914, at the outbreak of [[World War&nbsp;I]], a radio transmitter located in the tower [[radio jamming|jammed]] German radio communications, seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the [[First Battle of the Marne]].<ref name="Tuchman1994">{{cite book|author=Barbara Wertheim Tuchman|title=August 1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uU9sQgAACAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Papermac|isbn=978-0-333-30516-4|page=236}}</ref>

During [[World War I]], the Eiffel Tower's wireless station played a crucial role in intercepting enemy communications from Berlin. In 1914, French forces successfully launched a counter-attack during the Battle of the Marne after gaining critical intelligence on the German Army's movements. In 1917, the station intercepted a coded message between Germany and Spain that referenced 'Operative H-21.' This information contributed to the arrest, conviction, and execution of [[Mata Hari]], the famous spy accused of working for Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Things You May Not Know About the Eiffel Tower - HISTORY |url=https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-eiffel-tower |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=History.com|date=August 2023 }}</ref>

From 1925 to 1934, illuminated signs for [[Citroën]] adorned three of the tower's sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Oliver |title=40 fascinating facts about the Eiffel Tower |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/france/paris/articles/Eiffel-Tower-facts/ |access-date=14 November 2019 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=31 March 2018}} {{subscription required}}, (free trial)</ref> In April 1935, the tower was used to make experimental low-resolution television transmissions, using a [[shortwave]] transmitter of 200 watts power. On 17 November, an improved 180-line transmitter was installed.<ref name="Herbert2004">{{cite book|author=Stephen Herbert|title=A History of Early Television|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BlZF20ggFhsC&pg=PA40|volume=2|year=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-32667-4|page=40}}</ref>

[[File:Delaunay - Tour Eiffel.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.78|The Eiffel Tower has been a subject of art, as in ''[[Champs de Mars: The Red Tower]]'', a 1911 [[Cubism|cubist]] painting by [[Robert Delaunay]]]]

On two separate but related occasions in 1925, the con artist [[Victor Lustig]] "sold" the tower for scrap metal.<ref name="Letcher2003">{{cite book|author=Piers Letcher|title=Eccentric France: The Bradt Guide to Mad, Magical and Marvellous France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_7IRHZGyzMC|year=2003|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-068-8|page=105}}</ref> A year later, in February 1926, pilot Leon Collet was killed trying to fly under the tower. His aircraft became entangled in an aerial belonging to a wireless station.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58237145 |title = An air tragedy | newspaper= The Sunday Times | date= 28 February 1926|location=Perth, WA |access-date=2 January 2012}}</ref> A [[bust (sculpture)|bust]] of Gustave Eiffel by [[Antoine Bourdelle]] was unveiled at the base of the north leg on 2 May 1929.<ref>Harriss, 1976 p. 178.</ref> In 1930, the tower lost the title of the [[List of tallest freestanding structures in the world#Timeline of world's tallest freestanding structures|world's tallest structure]] when the [[Chrysler Building]] in New York City was completed.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Silver Spire: How two men's dreams changed the skyline of New York |author=Claudia Roth Pierpont |url=http://www.jayebee.com/discoveries/criticism/silver_spire.htm |magazine=The New Yorker |date=18 November 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227015047/http://www.jayebee.com/discoveries/criticism/silver_spire.htm|archive-date=27 February 2012}}</ref> In 1938, the decorative arcade around the first level was removed.<ref>Harriss, 1976 p. 195.</ref>

Upon the [[Military Administration in France (Nazi Germany)|German occupation]] of Paris in 1940, the lift cables were [[sabotage|cut]] by the French. The tower was  restricted to German visitors during the occupation and the lifts were not repaired until 1946.<ref name="Harriss_80_4">Harriss, 1976 pp. 180–84.</ref> In 1940, German soldiers had to climb the tower to hoist a swastika-centred [[Reichskriegsflagge]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675021843_Battle-of-France_unfurl-Nazi-flag_Palace-of-Versailles_Eiffel-Tower_Place-de-la-Concorde|title=HD Stock Video Footage – The Germans unfurl Nazi flags at the captured Palace of Versailles and Eiffel Tower during the Battle of France.|website=www.criticalpast.com}}</ref> but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later, and was replaced by a smaller one.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/france/paris/articles/Eiffel-Tower-facts/|title=Eiffel Tower: 40 fascinating facts|first=Oliver|last=Smith|date=4 February 2016|via=www.telegraph.co.uk|newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref> When visiting Paris, Hitler chose to stay on the ground. When the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] were nearing Paris in August 1944, Hitler ordered General [[Dietrich von Choltitz]], the military governor of Paris, to demolish the tower along with the rest of the city. Von Choltitz disobeyed the order.<ref name="D'Este2003">{{cite book|author=Carlo D'Este|title=Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCeteK7LEiYC&pg=PA574|year=2003|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|isbn=978-0-8050-5687-7|page=574}}</ref> On 25 August, before the Germans had been [[Liberation of Paris|driven out of Paris]], the German flag was replaced with a Tricolour by two men from the [[Musée national de la Marine|French Naval Museum]], who narrowly beat three men led by Lucien Sarniguet, who had lowered the Tricolour on 13 June 1940 when Paris fell to the Germans.<ref name="Harriss_80_4"/>

A fire started in the television transmitter on 3 January 1956, damaging the top of the tower. Repairs took a year, and in 1957, the present radio aerial was added to the top.<ref name=events>{{cite web|url=http://www.toureiffel.paris/en/everything-about-the-tower/the-major-events.html|author=SETE|website=Official Eiffel Tower website|title=The major events|access-date=13 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331214620/http://www.toureiffel.paris/en/everything-about-the-tower/the-major-events.html|archive-date=31 March 2015}}</ref> In 1964, the Eiffel Tower was officially declared to be a historical monument by the Minister of Cultural Affairs, [[André Malraux]].<ref>Harriss, 1976 p. 215.</ref> A year later, an additional lift system was installed in the north pillar.<ref name="official-website-lifts"/>

According to interviews, in 1967, [[Montreal]] Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]] negotiated a secret agreement with [[Charles de Gaulle]] for the tower to be dismantled and temporarily relocated to Montreal to serve as a landmark and tourist attraction during [[Expo 67]]. The plan was allegedly vetoed by the company operating the tower out of fear that the French government could refuse permission for the tower to be restored in its original location.<ref>{{cite news |title=How this city nearly got the Eiffel Tower |author=Nick Auf der Maur |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eJckAAAAIBAJ&pg=1682%2C2718377 |newspaper=The Montreal Gazette |date=15 September 1980 |access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref>

In 1982, the original lifts between the second and third levels were replaced after 97 years in service. These had been closed to the public between November and March because the water in the hydraulic drive tended to freeze. The new cars operate in pairs, with one counterbalancing the other, and perform the journey in one stage, reducing the journey time from eight minutes to less than two minutes. At the same time, two new emergency staircases were installed, replacing the original spiral staircases. In 1983, the south pillar was fitted with an electrically driven Otis lift to serve the [[Le Jules Verne|Jules Verne]] restaurant.<ref>Harvie, 2006 p. 130.</ref> The Fives-Lille lifts in the east and west legs, fitted in 1899, were extensively refurbished in 1986. The cars were replaced, and a computer system was installed to completely automate the lifts. The [[Power (physics)|motive power]] was moved from the water hydraulic system to a new electrically driven oil-filled hydraulic system, and the original water hydraulics were retained solely as a counterbalance system.<ref name="official-website-lifts">{{cite web |url=http://www.toureiffel.paris/en/everything-about-the-tower/themed-files/98.html |title=The Eiffel Tower's lifts |author=SETE |website=Official Eiffel Tower website |access-date=15 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407014958/http://www.toureiffel.paris/en/everything-about-the-tower/themed-files/98.html |archive-date=7 April 2016 }}</ref> A service lift was added to the south pillar for moving small loads and maintenance personnel three years later.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

[[Robert Moriarty]] flew a [[Beechcraft Bonanza]] under the tower on 31 March 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://proairshow.com/Eiffel.htm|access-date=4 April 2008|title=A Bonanza in Paris|author=Robert J. Moriarty|work=Air & Space Magazine}}</ref> In 1987, [[A. J. Hackett]] made one of his first [[Bungee jumping|bungee jumps]] from the top of the Eiffel Tower, using a special cord he had helped develop. Hackett was arrested by the police.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/extreme-bid-to-stretch-bungy-record/2007/02/27/1172338606150.html |author=Gibson, Jano |title=Extreme bid to stretch bungy record|work=Sydney Morning Herald |date=27 February 2007 |access-date=24 May 2010}}</ref> On 27 October 1991, Thierry Devaux, along with mountain guide Hervé Calvayrac, performed a series of acrobatic figures while bungee jumping from the second floor of the tower. Facing the Champ de Mars, Devaux used an electric winch between figures to go back up to the second floor. When firemen arrived, he stopped after the sixth jump.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thierrydevaux.com/tour-eiffel.html|title=Tour Eiffel|website=Thierry Devaux|language=fr|access-date=19 March 2019}}</ref>

[[File:2013 Fireworks on Eiffel Tower 11.jpg|thumb|left|The tower is a focal point for New Year's Eve and [[Bastille Day]] celebrations.]]

For its "Countdown to the Year 2000" celebration on 31 December 1999, flashing lights and high-powered [[searchlight]]s were installed on the tower. During the last three minutes of the year, the lights were turned on starting from the base of the tower and continuing to the top to welcome 2000 with a huge fireworks show. An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event. The searchlights on top of the tower made it a beacon in Paris's night sky, and 20,000 flashing bulbs gave the tower a sparkly appearance for five minutes every hour on the hour.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Eiffel Tower's illuminations |url=http://www.toureiffel.paris/en/everything-about-the-tower/the-illuminations.html |author=SETE |website=Official Eiffel Tower website |access-date=31 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822233206/http://www.toureiffel.paris/en/everything-about-the-tower/the-illuminations.html |archive-date=22 August 2015 }}</ref>

The lights sparkled blue for several nights to herald the new millennium on 31 December 2000. The sparkly lighting continued for 18 months until July 2001. The sparkling lights were turned on again on 21 June 2003, and the display was planned to last for 10 years before they needed replacing.<ref name="allyouneed"/>

The tower received its {{Formatnum:200000000}}th guest on 28 November 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.france.com/editorials/eiffel_tower/|title=The Eiffel Tower|publisher=France.com|date=23 October 2003|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref> The tower has operated at its maximum capacity of about 7&nbsp;million visitors per year since 2003.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/21/paris-eiffel-tower-renovation-profits-higher|title=Eiffel Tower renovation work aims to take profits to new heights|work=The Guardian|date=21 April 2014|access-date=14 April 2016|author=Cosnard, Denis}}</ref> In 2004, the Eiffel Tower began hosting a seasonal ice rink on the first level.<ref name="PorterPrince2006">{{cite book|author1=Porter, Darwin |author2=Danforth Prince|author3=G. McDonald|author4=H. Mastrini|author5=S. Marker|author6=A. Princz|author7=C. Bánfalvy|author8=A. Kutor|author9=N. Lakos|author10=S. Rowan Kelleher|title=Frommer's Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNuTMgEACAAJ|edition=9th|year=2006|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-92265-0|page=318}}</ref> A [[glass floor]] was installed on the first level during the 2014 refurbishment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-29512762|title=Eiffel Tower gets glass floor in refurbishment project|work=BBC News|date=6 October 2014|access-date= 6 October 2014}}</ref>{{Clear}}