Editing Edinburgh Castle (section)

=== High Middle Ages ===
{{further|Scotland in the High Middle Ages}}

[[File:StMargareth edinburgh castle.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|alt=A blue-robed woman wearing a crown|[[Saint Margaret of Scotland|St Margaret]], depicted in a stained glass window in the chapel of Edinburgh Castle]]

The first documentary reference to a castle at Edinburgh is [[John of Fordun]]'s account of the death of [[Malcolm III of Scotland|King Malcolm III]] (1031–1093). Fordun describes his widow, the future [[Saint Margaret of Scotland|Saint Margaret]], as residing at the "Castle of Maidens" when she is brought news of his death in November 1093. Fordun's account goes on to relate how Margaret died of grief within days, and how Malcolm's brother [[Donald III of Scotland|Donald Bane]] laid siege to the castle. However, Fordun's chronicle was not written until the later 14th century, and the near-contemporary account of the life of St Margaret by [[Thurgot|Bishop Turgot]] makes no mention of a castle.<ref>Tabraham (1997), p. 13.</ref> During the reigns of Malcolm III and his sons, Edinburgh Castle became one of the most significant royal centres in Scotland.<ref name=MI28>MacIvor (1993), p. 28.</ref> Malcolm's son [[Edgar I of Scotland|King Edgar]] died here in 1107.<ref name=MI30>MacIvor (1993), p. 30.</ref>

Malcolm's youngest son, [[David I of Scotland|King David I]] (r.1124–1153), developed Edinburgh as a seat of royal power principally through his administrative reforms (termed by some modern scholars the [[Davidian Revolution]]).<ref>See Lynch, pp. 79–83.</ref> Between 1139 and 1150, David held an assembly of nobles and churchmen, a precursor to the [[parliament of Scotland]], at the castle.<ref name=MI28/> Any buildings or defences would probably have been of timber,<ref name="Tabraham2008–49"/> although two stone buildings are documented as having existed in the 12th century. Of these, [[St. Margaret's Chapel]] remains at the summit of the rock. The second was a church, dedicated to [[St. Mary]], which stood on the site of the Scottish National War Memorial.<ref name="Tabraham2008–49">Tabraham (2008), p. 49.</ref> Given that the southern part of the Upper Ward (where Crown Square is now sited) was not suited to be built upon until the construction of the vaults in the 15th century, it seems probable that any earlier buildings would have been located towards the northern part of the rock; that is around the area where St. Margaret's Chapel stands. This has been suggested that the chapel is the last remnant of a square, stone keep, which would have formed the bulk of the 12th-century fortification.<ref>Fernie, pp. 400–403.</ref> The structure may have been similar to the keep of [[Carlisle Castle]], which David I began after 1135.<ref name="Tabraham 1997, p.23">Tabraham (1997), p. 23.</ref>

David's successor [[Malcolm IV of Scotland|King Malcolm IV]] (r.1153–1165) reportedly stayed at Edinburgh more than at any other location.<ref name=MI30/> But in 1174, [[William I of Scotland|King William "the Lion"]] (r.1165–1214) was captured by the English at the [[Battle of Alnwick (1174)|Battle of Alnwick]]. He was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Falaise]] to secure his release, in return for surrendering Edinburgh Castle, along with the castles of [[Berwick Castle|Berwick]], [[Roxburgh Castle|Roxburgh]] and [[Stirling Castle|Stirling]], to the English King, [[Henry II of England|Henry II]]. The castle was occupied by the English for twelve years, until 1186, when it was returned to William as the [[dowry]] of his English bride, [[Ermengarde de Beaumont]], who had been chosen for him by King Henry.<ref name=Salter46>Salter, p. 46.</ref> By the end of the 12th century, Edinburgh Castle was established as the main repository of Scotland's official state papers.<ref>MacIvor (1993), p. 31.</ref>