Editing Ecumenism (section)

===Western schisms and reformations===
{{main article|Protestant Reformation|Catholic Reformation}}
In Western Christianity, there were a handful of geographically isolated movements that preceded in the spirit of the [[Protestant Reformation]]. The [[Cathars]] were a very strong movement in medieval southwestern France, but did not survive into modern times, largely as a result of the [[Albigensian Crusade]]. In northern Italy and southeastern France, [[Peter Waldo]] founded the Waldensians in the 12th century, which remains the largest non-Catholic church in Italy and is in full communion with the Italian Methodist Church. In [[Bohemia]], a movement in the early 15th century by [[Jan Hus]] called the [[Hussite]]s called for reform of Catholic teaching and still exists to this day, known as the Moravian Church. Though generally counted among [[Protestant]] churches, groups such as the Waldensians and Moravians pre-exist Protestantism proper.

The Protestant Reformation began, symbolically, with the posting of [[Martin Luther]]'s "[[The Ninety-Five Theses|Ninety-Five Theses]]" in [[Saxony]] on October 31, 1517, written as a set of grievances to reform the Western Church. [[Martin Luther (resources)|Luther's writings]], combined with the work of [[Switzerland|Swiss]] theologian [[Huldrych Zwingli]] and French theologian and politician [[John Calvin]], sought to reform existing problems in doctrine and practice. Due to the reactions of ecclesiastical office holders at the time of the reformers, the Catholic Church separated from them, instigating a rift in Western Christianity. This schism created the Mainline Protestant Churches, including especially the Lutheran and Reformed traditions.

In [[England]], [[Henry VIII of England]] declared himself to be supreme head of the [[Church of England]] with the [[Act of Supremacy]] in 1531, repressing both Lutheran reformers and those loyal to the pope. [[Thomas Cranmer]] as [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] introduced the [[English Reformation]] in a form compromising between the Calvinists and Lutherans.<ref name="AEH2003">{{cite book|title=Anglican and Episcopal History|year=2003|publisher=Historical Society of the Episcopal Church|language=en|page=15|quote=Others had made similar observations, Patrick McGrath commenting that the Church of England was not a middle way between Roman Catholic and Protestant, but "between different forms of Protestantism," and William Monter describing the Church of England as "a unique style of Protestantism, a via media between the Reformed and Lutheran traditions." MacCulloch has described Cranmer as seeking a middle way between Zurich and Wittenberg but elsewhere remarks that the Church of England was "nearer Zurich and Geneva than Wittenberg."}}</ref> This schism created today's Anglican Communion.

The [[Radical Reformation]], also mid-sixteenth century, moved beyond the [[Magisterial Reformation]], emphasizing the [[Church invisible|invisible, spiritual reality of the Church]], apart from any visible ecclesial manifestation. A significant group of Radical reformers were the Anabaptists, people such as [[Menno Simons]] and [[Jakob Ammann]], whose movements resulted in today's communities of [[Mennonites]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], and Brethren churches, and to some extent, the [[Bruderhof Communities]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ic.org/directory/bruderhof/|title=Bruderhof – Fellowship for Intentional Community|work=Fellowship for Intentional Community|access-date=2018-01-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

Further reform movements within Anglicanism during the 16th through 18th centuries, with influence from the Radical Reformation, produced the [[Puritans]] and [[English Dissenters|Separatists]], creating today's Baptists, [[Congregationalists]], [[Quakers]], and eventually [[Unitarian Universalism]].

The Methodist churches, which uphold [[Wesleyan-Arminian theology]], grew out of a revival within Anglicanism, especially in England and the [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]], under the leadership of the brothers [[John Wesley]] and [[Charles Wesley]], both priests in the Church of England. This movement also produced the Holiness movement churches.

The Old Catholic Church split from the Catholic Church in the 1870s because of the promulgation of the [[dogma]] of [[Papal Infallibility]] as promoted by the [[First Vatican Council]] of 1869–1870. The term "Old Catholic" was first used in 1853 to describe the members of the See of Utrecht who were not under Papal authority. The Old Catholic movement grew in America but has not maintained ties with Utrecht, although talks are under way between some independent Old Catholic bishops and Utrecht.

The Evangelical movement takes form as the result of spiritual renewal efforts in the anglophone world in the 18th century. According to religion scholar, social activist, and politician [[Randall Balmer]], Evangelicalism resulted "from the confluence of Pietism, Presbyterianism, and the vestiges of Puritanism. Evangelicalism picked up the peculiar characteristics from each strain—warmhearted spirituality from the Pietists (for instance), doctrinal precisionism from the Presbyterians, and individualistic introspection from the Puritans".{{Sfn | Balmer| 2004 |pp=vii–viii}} Historian [[Mark Noll]] adds to this list [[High Church]] Anglicanism, which contributed to Evangelicalism a legacy of "rigorous spirituality and innovative organization".{{Sfn | Noll | 2004 | p=45}}

[[Pentecostalism]] is likewise born out of this context, and traditionally traces its origins to what it describes as an outpouring of the Holy Spirit on 1 January 1901 in [[Topeka, Kansas]], at the [[Bethel Bible College]]. Subsequent charismatic revivals in [[1904–1905 Welsh Revival|Wales in 1904]] and the [[Azusa Street Revival]] in 1906 are held as the beginnings of the Pentecostal movement. These started just a few hours after [[Pope Leo XIII]] led a prayer ''Veni Spiritus Sanctus'' during an ''[[Urbi et Orbi]]'' message, consecrating the 20th century to the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] and through this prayer to the reunion of Christianity.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Quickness of the Spirit|url=http://www.ccr.org.uk/about-ccr/goodnews-articles/a-quickness-of-the-spirit/|website=Catholic Charismatic Renewal}}</ref>