Editing Dushanbe (section)

=== Capital of the Tajik SSR ===
[[File:Dushanabe WWIImonument.jpg|thumb|Dushanbe [[World War II]] monument]]

The [[Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic]], previously the Tajik ASSR, separated from the Uzbek SSR in 1929, and its capital Dyushambe was renamed ''Stalinabad'' (Russian: {{lang|ru|Сталинабад}}; Tajik: {{lang|tg-Cyrl|Сталинобод}} ''Stalinobod'') for [[Joseph Stalin]] on 19 October 1929, incorporating the nearby villages of Shohmansur, Mavlono, and Sari Osiyo.<ref name="Abdullaev-2018a" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Times|first=Walter Duranty Wireless To the New York|date=1929-10-23|title=Tajikistan Capital Becomes Stalinbad – Change Follows Elevation to Soviet Federal State – Regime Starts by Declaring an Amnesty|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/10/23/archives/tajikistan-capital-becomes-stalinabad-change-follows-elevation-to.html|access-date=2020-07-31|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Abdullaev-2018b" />

In the years that followed, the city developed at a rapid pace.<ref name="Dushanbe twinning" /> The Soviets transformed the area into a center for [[cotton]] and [[silk production]], and tens of thousands of people relocated to the city. The population also increased with thousands of ethnic [[Tajiks]] migrating to Tajikistan from [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic|Uzbekistan]] following the transfer of [[Bukhara]] and [[Samarkand]] to the [[Uzbek SSR]] as part of [[national delimitation in Central Asia]].<ref name="Lonely Planet-2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/tajikistan/dushanbe/history|title=Dushanbe: History|publisher=Lonely Planet|access-date=10 May 2013|archive-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610054456/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/tajikistan/dushanbe/history|url-status=dead}}</ref> Industry during the time period was limited, focused on local production, although it had expanded by nine times since 1913 by 1940.<ref name="Atkin-2020" /><ref name="Davidzon-1983b" /> The first bus line began operating in 1930 and in 1938, [[Komsomol]] members constructed [[Komsomolskoye Lake]] in the city.<ref name="Вечёрка-2019" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=M.|first=Davidzon|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/11399951|title=Dushanbe, a guide|date=1983|publisher=Raduga|page=44|oclc=11399951}}</ref>

<gallery class="center">
Tajik Parliament House, Dushanbe, Tajikistan.JPG|Former Supreme Soviet Building 
Dushanbe, Tajikistan - panoramio (19).jpg|Former Central Committee Building, demolished in 2021
</gallery>

Many of these projects occurred under the 1925–1932 mayoralty of [[Abdukarim Rozykov]], one of the first mayors of Dushanbe, who sought to transform it into a "model communist city" through modernization and [[urban planning]]. [[Mikhail Kalitin]] continued the industrial development of Dushanbe, building the Komsomolskoye Lake and promoting industry in the city.<ref name="Shermatov-2017">{{Cite web|last=Shermatov|first=Gafur|title=Столица и ее градоначальники: кто был до Рустама Эмомали|url=https://news.tj/ru/news/tajikistan/society/20170210/stolitsa-i-ee-gradonachalniki-kto-bil-do-rustama-emomali|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213164625/https://news.tj/ru/news/tajikistan/society/20170210/stolitsa-i-ee-gradonachalniki-kto-bil-do-rustama-emomali|archive-date=13 February 2017|website=Asia-Plus}}</ref> Towards the end of this period, in the late 1930s, there were 4,295 buildings in Dushanbe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=История Душанбе|url=https://www.tajik-gateway.org/wp/regions/dushanbe/istoriya-dushanbe/|access-date=2020-09-25|website=Tajik Development Gateway на русском языке|language=ru}}</ref>

During [[World War II|World War 2]], the population of Dushanbe and Tajikistan swelled with 100,000 evacuees from the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] that led to the deployment of 17 hospitals in the city.<ref name="Фергана-2020" /> The city's industry also greatly increased during the war, as the Soviets wanted to move [[critical infrastructure]] far behind enemy lines, and industries like textile manufacturing and food processing grew.<ref name="Atkin-2020" /> In 1954, there were 30 schools in the city; [[Avicenna Tajik State Medical University|a medical institute]] named after [[Avicenna]]; the Stalinabad Academy of Sciences; the [[Tajik National University|University of Stalinabad]], which was founded in 1947 and had 1,500 students;<ref>{{Citation|last1=DeYoung|first1=Alan J.|title=Higher Education in Tajikistan: Institutional Landscape and Key Policy Developments|date=2018|work=25 Years of Transformations of Higher Education Systems in Post-Soviet Countries: Reform and Continuity|pages=363–385|editor-last=Huisman|editor-first=Jeroen|series=Palgrave Studies in Global Higher Education|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-52980-6_14|isbn=978-3-319-52980-6|last2=Kataeva|first2=Zumrad|last3=Jonbekova|first3=Dilrabo|editor2-last=Smolentseva|editor2-first=Anna|editor3-last=Froumin|editor3-first=Isak|doi-access=free}}</ref> and the Stalinabad Pedagogical Institute for Woman, established on 1 September 1953.<ref name="CIA-2017">{{Cite web|title=CIA Information Report|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A003900400005-0.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122222841/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A003900400005-0.pdf|archive-date=22 January 2017|website=CIA}}</ref> In 1960, gas supply reached the capital through a gas pipeline opened from [[Kyzyl]] to [[Tumxuk]] to Dushanbe. On 10 November 1961, as part of [[de-Stalinization]], Stalinabad was renamed back to Dushanbe, the name it retains to this day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Дюшамбе - Сталинабад - Душанбе|url=https://rus.ozodi.org/a/27357969.html|access-date=2020-08-01|website=Радио Озоди|date=11 November 2015 |language=ru}}</ref> In 1960, under the leadership of [[Mahmudbek Narzibekov]], [[Dushanbe Zoo|the first zoo]] was built in the city. Later in the decade the mayor developed a plan to end the housing shortage and provide free apartments.<ref name="Shermatov-2017" />

The [[Nurek Dam]], which was the tallest [[dam]] in the world at the time, was completed {{Convert|90|km|mi}} south east of Dushanbe during the 1960s. The [[Rogun Dam]], upstream from Nurek Dam, was started in that period as well. They were both [[megaproject]]s meant to showcase Soviet innovation and development in Tajikistan. However, while the Nurek Dam was completed, the Rogun Dam was cancelled in the 1970s because of [[Era of Stagnation|stagnating Soviet economic growth]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=H-Diplo Roundtable XX-46 on Laboratory of Socialist Development: Cold War Politics and Decolonization in Soviet Tajikistan {{!}} H-Diplo {{!}} H-Net|url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/28443/discussions/4318596/h-diplo-roundtable-xx-46-laboratory-socialist-development-cold|access-date=2020-08-01|website=networks.h-net.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Perspectives {{!}} Light and nostalgia in Tajikistan {{!}} Eurasianet|url=https://eurasianet.org/perspectives-light-and-nostalgia-in-tajikistan|access-date=2020-08-01|website=eurasianet.org}}</ref> On 2 August 1979, the population of Dushanbe reached 500,000,<ref name="Abdullaev-2018b" /> and it had the highest population growth rate in the Soviet Union.<ref name="Davidzon-1983d">{{Cite book|last=M.|first=Davidzon|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/11399951|title=Dushanbe, a guide|date=1983|publisher=Raduga|page=15|oclc=11399951}}</ref>

==== Riots and unrest ====
{{Main|1990 Dushanbe riots}}
[[File:RIAN archive 699865 Dushanbe riots, February 1990.jpg|thumb|February 1990 Riots in Dushanbe]]

In the 1980s, environmental problems and crime began to increase. Mass violence, hooliganism, binge drinking, and violent assaults became more common. There was an attack on foreign students at the [[Agricultural University of Tajikistan|Agricultural Institute]] in 1987 and a riot in the Pedagogical Institute two years later. Increasing regionalism also destabilized the [[Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic|SSR]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nourzhanov, Kirill|title=Tajikistan a political and social history|date=2013|publisher=ANU E Press|isbn=978-1-925021-16-5|page=156|oclc=984803513}}</ref>

On 10–11 February 1990, 300 demonstrators gathered at the Communist Party Central Committee building after it was rumored that [[Government of the Soviet Union|the Soviet government]] planned to relocate tens of thousands of [[Armenians|Armenian]] refugees to [[Tajikistan]]. In reality, only 29 Armenians went to Dushanbe and were housed by their family members. However, the crowd kept growing in size to 3-5 thousand people; soon after, violence broke out. [[Martial law]] was quickly declared and troops were sent in to protect [[Ethnic minorities in Tajikistan|ethnic minorities]] and defend against vandalism and looting. The number of people protesting increased significantly, however, and they attacked the Central Committee building. The 29 [[Armenians]] were quickly evacuated on an emergency flight after shots were fired.<ref name="Nourzhanov-2013b" />

A few days after, and with looting still occurring throughout the city, demonstrators created the [[Provisional People's Committee]], or the Temporary Committee for Crisis Resolution, which put forward demands such as "the expulsion of Armenian refugees, the resignation of the government and the removal of the [[Communist Party of Tajikistan|Communist Party]], the closure of an aluminum smelter in western Tajikistan for environmental reasons, equitable distribution of profits from [[Agriculture in Tajikistan|cotton production]], and the release of 25 protesters taken into custody."<ref name="Nourzhanov-2013b" />

Many high-ranking officials resigned and the protector's goal of toppling the government was almost successful, but [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] troops moved into the city, declared the demands illegal, and rejected the resignation of the high-ranking officials. 16-25 people were killed in the violence; many if not most were Russian.<ref name="Nourzhanov-2013b">{{Cite book|last=Nourzhanov, Kirill|title=Tajikistan a political and social history|date=2013|publisher=ANU E Press|isbn=978-1-925021-16-5|pages=180–183|oclc=984803513}}</ref>

The riots were largely fueled by concerns about housing shortages for the Tajik population, but they coincided with a wave of nationalist unrest that swept [[Transcaucasia]] and other Central Asian states during the twilight of [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]'s rule.<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0D8103EF930A25751C0A966958260 Ethnic rioting in Dushanbe], New York Times, 13 February 1990. Retrieved 18 October 2008</ref>

After the increase of organized opposition from the [[Democratic Party of Tajikistan]] and [[Rastokhez]], [[glasnost]] by [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]], economic contraction, and increased opposition by regional elites, [[Qahhor Mahkamov]] disbanded the [[Communist Party of Tajikistan]] on 27 August 1991 and quit the party the next day. On 9 September 1991, Tajikistan's government declared independence from the Soviet Union.<ref name="Nourzhanov-2013">{{Cite book|last=Nourzhanov, Kirill|title=Tajikistan a political and social history|date=2013|publisher=ANU E Press|isbn=978-1-925021-16-5|chapter=The Rise of Opposition, the Contraction of the State and the Road to Independence|oclc=984803513}}</ref>