Editing Downwelling (section)

=== Subtropical gyres ===
[[Ocean gyre|Subtropical gyres]] act on the largest scale that we observe downwelling. Winds to the north and south of each ocean basin blow opposite each other such that [[Ekman transport]] moves water toward the basin's center. This movement piles up water, creating a high-pressure zone in the center of the gyre, low pressure on the borders, and deepens the [[mixed layer]]. The water in this zone would diffuse outward if the planet weren't spinning. However, because of the [[Coriolis force]], the water rotates clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern, creating a gyre. While it spins, the rotating high-pressure zone forces water downward, resulting in downwelling.<ref name="www.sciencedirect.com" /> Typical downwelling rates associated with ocean gyres are on the order of 10’s of meters per year.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Froyland |first1=Gary |last2=Stuart |first2=Robyn M. |last3=van Sebille |first3=Erik |date=September 2014 |title=How well-connected is the surface of the global ocean? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4892530 |journal=Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=033126 |doi=10.1063/1.4892530 |pmid=25273206 |bibcode=2014Chaos..24c3126F |hdl=10044/1/21883 |issn=1054-1500|hdl-access=free }}</ref>