Editing Doolittle Raid (section)

===Fate of the missing crewmen===
[[File:DoolittleRaiders China h97502.jpg|thumb|Lt. Col. Doolittle with members of his flight crew and Chinese officials in China after the attack. From left to right: Staff Sgt. Fred A. Braemer, bombardier; Staff Sgt. Paul J. Leonard, flight engineer/gunner; Chao Foo Ki, secretary of the Western Chekiang Province Branch Government. 1st Lt. Richard E. Cole, copilot; Doolittle; Henry H. Shen, bank manager; Lt. Henry A. Potter, navigator; General Ho, director of the Branch Government of Western Chekiang Province.]]
Following the Doolittle Raid, most of the B-25 crews who had reached China eventually found safety with the help of Chinese civilians and soldiers.
Of the 16 planes and 80 airmen who participated in the raid, all either crash-landed, were ditched, or crashed after their crews bailed out, with the single exception of Capt. York and his crew, who landed in the Soviet Union. Despite the loss of these 15 aircraft, 69 airmen escaped capture or death, with only three [[killed in action]]. When the Chinese helped the Americans escape, the grateful Americans, in turn, gave them whatever they had on hand.{{Clarify|reason=Who gave, the American pilots or USA the nation? What was given?|date=April 2022}} The people who helped them paid dearly for sheltering the Americans. Most of them were tortured and executed for giving aid. During the search an estimated 250,000 Chinese lives were taken by the Japanese Imperial Army. Eight Raiders were [[Prisoner of war|captured]].
Some of the men who crashed were aided by [[Patrick Cleary]], the Irish [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Nancheng|Bishop of Nancheng]]. The Japanese troops retaliated by burning down the city.<ref name="Aided Doolittle's Raiders">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/179480087/?terms=Bishop%2BPatrick%2BCleary |title=Columban Bishop Who Aided Doolittle's Raiders Dies |date=5 November 1970 |newspaper=The Catholic Advance |location=Wichita, Kansas |page=2 |via=newspapers.com |access-date=9 November 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008142741/https://www.newspapers.com/image/179480087/?terms=Bishop%2BPatrick%2BCleary |url-status=live }}</ref>

The crews of two aircraft (10 men in total) were unaccounted for: those of 1st Lt. Dean E. Hallmark (sixth off) and 1st Lt. William G. Farrow (last off). On 15 August 1942, the United States learned from the Swiss Consulate General in Shanghai that eight of the missing crew members were prisoners of the Japanese at the city's police headquarters. Two of the missing crewmen, bombardier [[staff sergeant|S/Sgt.]] [[William John Dieter|William J. Dieter]] and flight engineer Sgt. Donald E. Fitzmaurice of Hallmark's crew, were found to have drowned when their B-25 crashed into the sea. Both of their remains were recovered after the war and were buried with military honors at [[Golden Gate National Cemetery]].

The other eight were captured: 1st Lt. Dean E. Hallmark, 1st Lt. William G. Farrow, 1st Lt. [[Robert J. Meder]], 1st Lt. [[Chase Nielsen]], 1st Lt. [[1st Lt Robert L. Hite|Robert L. Hite]], 2nd Lt. George Barr, Cpl. Harold A. Spatz, and Cpl. [[Jake DeShazer|Jacob DeShazer]]. All eight captured in Jiangxi were tried and sentenced to death at a military trial in China, and then transported to Tokyo. There the Army Ministry reviewed their case, with five of the sentences being commuted and the other three being executed.<ref>Bix, "Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan", p. 457</ref> Out of the 80 crewmen, three were killed in action, eight were captured, and three were killed in captivity by the Japanese.

The surviving captured airmen remained in military confinement on a starvation diet, their health rapidly deteriorating. In April 1943, they were moved to [[Nanjing]], where Meder died on 1 December 1943. The remaining men—Nielsen, Hite, Barr and DeShazer—eventually began receiving slightly better treatment and were given a copy of the Bible and a few other books. They were freed by American troops in August 1945. Four Japanese officers were tried for war crimes against the captured Doolittle Raiders, found guilty, and sentenced to hard labor, three for five years and one for nine years. Barr had been near death when liberated and remained in China recuperating until October, by which time he had begun to experience severe emotional problems. Untreated after transfer to [[Letterman Army Hospital]] and a military hospital in [[Clinton, Iowa]], Barr became suicidal and was held virtually incommunicado until November, when Doolittle's personal intervention resulted in treatment that led to his recovery.{{sfn|Glines|1988|pp=202–204}} DeShazer graduated from Seattle Pacific University in 1948 and returned to Japan as a missionary, where he served for over 30 years.<ref>DeShazer Dixon, Carol Aiko. [http://www.jacobdeshazer.com/ "Return of the Raider: A Doolittle Raider's Story of War and Forgiveness"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622075719/http://www.jacobdeshazer.com/ |date=22 June 2012 }}. jacobdeshazer.com, 2010.</ref>

When their remains were recovered after the war, Farrow, Hallmark, and Meder were buried with full military honors at [[Arlington National Cemetery]]. Spatz was buried with military honors at [[National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific]]. Of the surviving prisoners, Barr died of heart failure in 1967, Nielsen in 2007, DeShazer on 15 March 2008, and the last, Hite, died 29 March 2015.