Editing Diaspora (section)

==European diasporas==
{{Further|European diaspora}}
[[History of Europe|European history]] contains numerous diaspora-causing events. In [[Ancient history|ancient times]], the trading and colonising activities of the [[ancient Greeks|Greek]] tribes from the [[Balkans]] and [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]] spread people of Greek culture, religion and language around the [[Mediterranean]] and [[Black Sea]] basins, establishing Greek [[city-states]] in [[southern Italy]] (the so-called "[[Magna Graecia]]"), northern Libya, eastern Spain, the [[south of France]], and the Black Sea coasts. Greeks founded more than 400 colonies.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424354/student_view0/chapter10/table_of_contents.html |title=Early development of Greek society |publisher=Highered.mcgraw-hill.com |access-date=5 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120306063142/http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424354/student_view0/chapter10/table_of_contents.html |archive-date=6 March 2012 }}</ref> Tyre and Carthage also colonised the Mediterranean.
[[File:Greek Colonization Archaic Period.png|upright=1.5|right|thumb|[[Greek colonisation|Greek territories and colonies]] during the Archaic period (750–550 BC)]]

[[Alexander the Great]]'s conquest of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] marked the beginning of the [[Hellenistic period]], characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization in Asia and Africa, with Greek ruling classes established in [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Egypt]], [[Seleucid Empire|southwest Asia]] and [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|northwest India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc1/lectures/10hellenism.html|title=Hellenistic Civilization |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080705195541/http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc1/lectures/10hellenism.html |archive-date=5 July 2008}}</ref> Subsequent waves of colonization and migration during the Middle Ages added to the older settlements or created new ones, thus replenishing the [[Greek diaspora]] and making it one of the most long-standing and widespread in the world. The Romans also established numerous colonies and settlements outside of Rome and throughout the Roman empire.

The [[Migration Period]] relocations, which included several phases, are just one set of many in history. The first phase Migration-Period displacement (between 300 and 500 AD) included relocation of the [[Goths]] ([[Ostrogoths]] and [[Visigoths]]), [[Vandals]], [[Franks]], various other [[Germanic people]]s ([[Burgundians]], [[Lombards]], [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]], [[Saxons]], [[Jutes]], [[Suebi]] and [[Alemanni]]), [[Alans]] and numerous [[Slavic peoples|Slavic tribes]]. The second phase, between 500 and 900 AD, saw [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]], [[Turkic people|Turkic]], and other tribes on the move, resettling in Eastern Europe and gradually leaving it predominantly Slavic, and affecting [[Anatolia]] and the [[Caucasus]] as the first Turkic tribes ([[Avars (Carpathians)|Avars]], [[Huns]], [[Khazars]], [[Pechenegs]]), as well as [[Bulgars]], and possibly [[Magyars]] arrived. The last phase of the [[Migration Period|migrations]] saw the coming of the Hungarian Magyars. The [[Vikings|Viking]] expansion out of [[Scandinavia]] into southern and eastern Europe, Iceland, the British Isles and Greenland. The recent application of the word "diaspora" to the Viking lexicon highlights their cultural profile distinct from their predatory reputation in the regions they settled, especially in the North Atlantic.<ref>Jesch, J. ''A Viking Diaspora'', London, Routledge.</ref> The more positive connotations associated with the social science term help to view the movement of the Scandinavian peoples in the Viking Age in a new way.<ref>Adrams, L. "Diaspora and Identity in the Viking Age", ''Early Medieval Europe'', '''vol. 20'''(1), pp. 17–38.</ref>

Such colonizing migrations cannot be considered indefinitely as diasporas; over very long periods, eventually, the migrants assimilate into the settled area so completely that it becomes their new mental homeland. Thus the modern Magyars of Hungary do not feel that they belong in the Western [[Siberia]] that the Hungarian Magyars left 12 centuries ago; and the English descendants of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes do not yearn to reoccupy the plains of Northwest Germany.
[[File:Desembarco de Colón de Dióscoro Puebla.jpg|thumb|The Italian explorer [[Christopher Columbus]] leads an expedition to the [[New World]], 1492. [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|His voyages]] are celebrated as the discovery of the Americas from a European perspective, and they opened a [[Early modern period|new era]] in the history of humankind and sustained contact between the two worlds.]]

In 1492 a Spanish-financed expedition headed by [[Christopher Columbus]] arrived in the Americas, after which European exploration and colonization rapidly expanded. Historian [[James Axtell]] estimates that 240,000 people left Europe for the Americas in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/AXTELL01.ART |first=James |last=Axtell |title=The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America |journal=Humanities |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091119071952/http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/AXTELL01.ART |archive-date=19 November 2009 |date=September–October 1991 |issue=5 |volume=12 |pages=12–18 |jstor=4636419}}</ref> Emigration continued. In the 19th century alone over 50 million Europeans migrated to North and South America.<ref>{{cite book |last=Eltis |first=Kingston David |title=Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade |date=1987 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=139 |isbn=9780195364811}}</ref> Other Europeans moved to Siberia, Africa, and Australasia. The properly [[Spanish diaspora|Spanish emigrants]] were mainly from several parts of Spain, but not only the impoverished ones (i.e., [[Basques]] in [[Chile]]), and the destination varied also along the time. As an example, the [[Galician diaspora|Galicians]] moved first to the American colonies during the XVII-XX (mainly but not only Mexico, Cuba, Argentine and Venezuela, as many [[Galician-language literature#20th century|writers]] during the Francoist exile), later to Europe (France, Switzerland) and finally within Spain (to Madrid, Catalonia or the Basque Country).

A specific 19th-century example is the [[Irish diaspora]], beginning in the mid-19th century and brought about by {{lang|ga|an Gorta Mór}} or "the Great Hunger" of the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Irish Famine]]. An estimated 45% to 85% of Ireland's population emigrated to areas including Britain, the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and New Zealand. The size of the Irish diaspora is demonstrated by the number of people around the world who claim Irish ancestry; some sources put the figure at 80 to 100 million.

From the 1860s, the [[Circassians|Circassian]] people, originally from Europe, [[Circassian diaspora|were dispersed]] through Anatolia, Australia, the Balkans, the Levant, North America, and West Europe, leaving less than 10% of their population in the homeland&nbsp;– parts of historical Circassia (in the modern-day Russian portion of the [[North Caucasus|Caucasus]]).<ref>Richmond, pp. 172–173.</ref>

The [[Scottish Diaspora]] includes large populations of Highlanders moving to the United States and Canada after the [[Highland Clearances]]; as well as the Lowlanders, becoming the [[Ulster Scots people|Ulster Scots]] in Ireland and the [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish in America.]]
[[File:XXXIV Fiesta Nacional del Inmigrante - desfile - colectividad italiana.JPG|thumb|[[Italian Argentines]] during the opening [[parade]] of the XXXIV [[Immigrant's Festival]]. About 60% of Argentina's population has Italian ancestry.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar/noticia.php?titulo=historias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina&id=1432#.U2cKkYHa70s |title=Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina |date=14 November 2011 |author=Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la [[National University of La Matanza|Universidad Nacional de La Matanza]] |work=infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar |language=es |quote=Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia.}}</ref>]]

There were two major [[Italian diaspora]]s in [[Italian history]]. The first diaspora began around 1880, two decades after the [[Risorgimento|Unification of Italy]], and ended in the 1920s to the early 1940s with the rise of [[Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]].<ref name="Pozzetta et al.">Pozzetta, George E., Bruno Ramirez, and Robert F. Harney. The Italian Diaspora: Migration across the Globe. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario, 1992.</ref> Poverty was the main reason for emigration, specifically the lack of land as ''[[mezzadria]]'' [[sharecropping]] flourished in Italy, especially in the South, and property became subdivided over generations. Especially in [[Southern Italy]], conditions were harsh.<ref name="Pozzetta et al." /> Until the 1860s to 1950s, most of Italy was a [[rural society]] with many small towns and cities and almost no modern industry in which land management practices, especially in the South and the [[Northeastern Italy|Northeast]], did not easily convince farmers to stay on the land and to work the soil.<ref name="MacDonald">{{cite journal |last=McDonald |first=J. S. |title=Some Socio-economic Emigration Differentials in Rural Italy, 1902–1913 |journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=55–72 |date=October 1958 |doi=10.1086/449779 |s2cid=153889304 |issn=0013-0079}}</ref> Another factor was related to the overpopulation of Southern Italy as a result of the improvements in socioeconomic conditions after [[Unification of Italy|Unification]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sori |first=Ercole |title=L'emigrazione italiana dall' Unità alla Seconda Guerra Mondiale |edition=2nd |date=1984 |publisher=Il Mulino |at=1st chapter |isbn=9788815005748 |language=it}}</ref> That created a demographic boom and forced the new generations to emigrate en masse in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, mostly to the [[Americas]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gabaccia |first=Donna |title=Italy's Many Diasporas |date=2000 |series="Global Disaporas" series |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |pages=58–80}}</ref> The new migration of capital created millions of unskilled jobs around the world and was responsible for the simultaneous mass migration of Italians searching for "work and bread".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pozzetta |first1=George E. |title=Pane e Lavoro: The Italian American Working Class |date=1980 |publisher=Multicultural History Society of Ontorio |location=Toronto}}</ref> The second diaspora started after the end of [[World War II]] and concluded roughly in the 1970s. Between 1880 and 1980, about 15,000,000 Italians left the country permanently.<ref>Ben-Ghiat and Hom, "Introduction" to ''Italian Mobilities'' (Routledge, 2016)</ref> By 1980, it was estimated that about 25,000,000 Italians were residing outside Italy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=Russell |date=1 January 1978 |title=Report: The Italian Diaspora |journal=Area |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=386 |jstor=20001401}}</ref>