Editing Devanagari (section)

=== Consonants ===
The table below shows the consonant letters (in combination with [[inherent vowel]] {{IAST|a}}) and their arrangement. To the right of the Devanāgarī letter it shows the Latin script transliteration using [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration]],<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wikner|1996|p=73}}</ref> and the phonetic value ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]) in [[Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandahl |first=Stella |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hm0aAQAAIAAJ |title=A Hindi reference grammar |publisher=Peeters |date=2000 |isbn=978-9042908802 |pages=1–4 |access-date=26 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427114134/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hm0aAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=27 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatia |first=Tej K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJOXzRXsSK0C |title=A History of the Hindi Grammatical Tradition |publisher=BRILL Academic |date=1987 |isbn=90-04-07924-6 |pages=51–63, 77–94 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610230915/https://books.google.com/books?id=jJOXzRXsSK0C |archive-date=10 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; border: none; text-align:center; width:95%"
|-
! [[Phonetic]]s →
! colspan=8 | {{IAST|sparśa}}<br />([[Occlusive]])
! colspan=2 | {{IAST|anunāsika}}<br />([[Nasal stop|Nasal]])
! colspan=2 | {{IAST|antastha}}<br />([[Approximant]])
! colspan=4 | {{IAST|ūṣman}}/{{IAST|saṃgharṣī}}<br />([[Fricative consonant|Fricative]])
|-
! [[Voice (phonetics)|Voicing]] →
| colspan="4"| {{IAST|aghoṣa}}
| colspan="8" style="background:beige;"| {{IAST|saghoṣa}}
| colspan="2"| {{IAST|aghoṣa}}
| colspan="2" style="background:beige;"| {{IAST|saghoṣa}}
|-
! [[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspiration]] →
| colspan=2 | {{IAST|alpaprāṇa}}
| colspan=2 style="background:beige;"| {{IAST|mahāprāṇa}}
| colspan=2 | {{IAST|alpaprāṇa}}
| colspan=2 style="background:beige;"| {{IAST|mahāprāṇa}}
| colspan=4 | {{IAST|alpaprāṇa}}
| colspan=4 style="background:beige;"| {{IAST|mahāprāṇa}}
|-
!{{IAST|kaṇṭhya}}<br />([[Velar consonant|Velar]])
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|क}}||{{IAST|ka}}<br />{{IPAblink|k}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ख}}||{{IAST|kha}}<br />{{IPAblink|kʰ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ग}}||{{IAST|ga}}<br />{{IPAblink|ɡ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|घ}}||{{IAST|gha}}<br />{{IPAblink|ɡʱ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ङ}}||{{IAST|ṅa}}<br />{{IPAblink|ŋ}}
| colspan=4 |
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ह}}||{{IAST|ha}}<br />{{IPAblink|ɦ}}
|-
!{{IAST|tālavya}}<br />([[Palatal consonant|Palatal]])
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|च}}||{{IAST|ca}}<br />{{IPAblink|tʃ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|छ}}||{{IAST|cha}}<br />{{IPA|[tʃʰ]}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ज}}||{{IAST|ja}}<br />{{IPAblink|dʒ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|झ}}||{{IAST|jha}}<br />{{IPA|[dʒʱ]}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ञ}}||{{IAST|ña}}<br />{{IPAblink|ɲ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|य}}||{{IAST|ya}}<br />{{IPAblink|j}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|श}}||{{IAST|śa}}<br />{{IPAblink|ʃ}}
| colspan=2 rowspan=4 |
|-
!{{IAST|mūrdhanya}}<br />([[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]])
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ट}}||{{IAST|ṭa}}<br />{{IPAblink|ʈ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ठ}}||{{IAST|ṭha}}<br />{{IPA|[ʈʰ]}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ड}}||{{IAST|ḍa}}<br />{{IPAblink|ɖ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ढ}}||{{IAST|ḍha}}<br />{{IPA|[ɖʱ]}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ण}}||{{IAST|ṇa}}<br />{{IPAblink|ɳ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|र}}||{{IAST|[[Ra (Indic)|ra]]}}<br />{{IPAblink|r}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ष}}||{{IAST|ṣa}}<br />{{IPAblink|ʂ}}
|-
!{{IAST|dantya}}<br />([[Dental consonant|Dental]])
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|त}}||{{IAST|ta}}<br />{{IPAblink|t̪}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|थ}}||{{IAST|tha}}<br />{{IPA|[t̪ʰ]}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|द}}||{{IAST|da}}<br />{{IPAblink|d̪}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ध}}||{{IAST|dha}}<br />{{IPA|[d̪ʱ]}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|न}}||{{IAST|na}}<br />{{IPAblink|n}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ल}}||{{IAST|la}}<br />{{IPAblink|l}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|स}}||{{IAST|sa}}<br />{{IPAblink|s}}
|-
!{{IAST|oṣṭhya}}<br />([[Labial consonant|Labial]])
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|प}}||{{IAST|pa}}<br />{{IPAblink|p}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|फ}}||{{IAST|pha}}<br />{{IPA|[pʰ]}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ब}}||{{IAST|ba}}<br />{{IPAblink|b}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|भ}}||{{IAST|bha}}<br />{{IPA|[bʱ]}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|म}}||{{IAST|ma}}<br />{{IPAblink|m}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|व}}||{{IAST|va}}<br />{{IPAblink|ʋ}}
| colspan="2"|
|}

* Additionally, there is {{lang|inc-Deva|ळ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḷa}} ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPAblink|ɭ}} or {{IPAblink|ɭ̆}}), the intervocalic [[retroflex lateral flap|lateral flap]] allophone of the [[voiced retroflex stop]] in [[Vedic Sanskrit]], which is a [[phoneme]] in languages such as [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], and [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=97}}</ref>
* Beyond the Sanskritic set, new shapes have rarely been formulated. {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=146}} offers the following, "In any case, according to some, all possible sounds had already been described and provided for in this system, as Sanskrit was the original and perfect language. Hence it was difficult to provide for or even to conceive ''other'' sounds, unknown to the [[phonetician]]s of Sanskrit". Where foreign borrowings and internal developments did inevitably accrue and arise in New Indo-Aryan languages, they have been ignored in writing, or dealt through means such as [[diacritic]]s and [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]] (ignored in recitation).
** The most prolific diacritic has been the [[subscript]] dot ({{IAST|[[Nukta|nuqtā]]}}) {{lang|inc-Deva|़|size=140%}}. [[Hindi]] uses it for the [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and English sounds {{lang|hi|क़|size=140%}} {{IAST|qa}} [[Voiceless uvular plosive|/q/]], {{lang|hi|ख़|size=140%}} {{IAST|xa}} [[Voiceless velar fricative|/x/]], {{lang|hi|[[ग़]]|size=140%}} {{IAST|ġa}} [[Voiced velar fricative|/ɣ/]], {{lang|hi|[[ज़]]|size=140%}} {{IAST|za}} [[Voiced alveolar fricative|/z/]], {{lang|hi|[[झ़]]|size=140%}} {{IAST|zha}} [[Voiced postalveolar fricative|/ʒ/]], and {{lang|hi|फ़|size=140%}} {{IAST|fa}} [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|/f/]], and for the [[allophonic]] developments {{lang|hi|ड़|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṛa}} [[Retroflex flap|/ɽ/]] and {{lang|hi|ढ़|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṛha}} {{IPA|/ɽʱ/}}.<ref name="PandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013">{{Cite book |last1=Pandey |first1=Dipti |last2=Mondal |first2=Tapabrata |last3=Agrawal |first3=S. S. |last4=Bangalore |first4=Srinivas |title=2013 International Conference Oriental COCOSDA held jointly with 2013 Conference on Asian Spoken Language Research and Evaluation (O-COCOSDA/CASLRE) |chapter=Development and suitability of Indian languages speech database for building watson based ASR system |date=2013 |page=3 |doi=10.1109/ICSDA.2013.6709861 |isbn=978-1-4799-2378-6 |s2cid=26461938 |quote=Only in Hindi 10 Phonemes व /v/ क़ /q/ ञ /ɲ/ य /j/ ष /ʂ/ ख़ /x/ ग़ /ɣ/ ज़ /z/ झ़ /ʒ/ फ़ /f/}}</ref> (Although {{lang|inc-Deva|ऴ|size=140%}} {{transliteration|inc|ISO|ḻa}} {{IPA|/ɻ/}} could also exist, it is not used in Hindi.)
** Devanagari used to write Mahl dialect of Dhivehi uses nukta on {{lang|inc-Deva|च़|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|त़|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|द़|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ल़|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|श़|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|स़|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ह़|size=140%}} to represent other Perso-Arabic phonemes (see [[Maldivian writing systems#Devanagari script for Mahl]]).
** [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]'s and [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]'s [[implosive]]s are accommodated with a line attached below: {{lang|sd-Deva|[[Voiced velar implosive|ॻ]]|size=140%}} {{IPA|[ɠə]}}, {{lang|sd-Deva|[[Voiced palatal implosive|ॼ]]|size=140%}} {{IPA|[ʄə]}}, {{lang|sd-Deva|[[Voiced alveolar implosive|ॾ]]|size=140%}} {{IPA|[ɗə]}}, {{lang|sd-Deva|[[Voiced bilabial implosive|ॿ]]|size=140%}} {{IPA|[ɓə]}}.
** [[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspirated]] [[sonorant]]s may be represented as conjuncts/[[Typographic ligature|ligatures]] with {{lang|inc-Deva|ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|ha}}: {{lang|inc-Deva|म्ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|mha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|न्ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|nha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ण्ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṇha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|व्ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|vha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ल्ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|lha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ळ्ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḷha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|र्ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|rha}}.
** {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=147}} notes [[Marwari language|Marwari]] as using {{lang|mwr-Deva|ॸ|size=140%}} for {{IAST|ḍa}} {{IPA|[ɗə]}} (while {{lang|mwr-Deva|ड|size=140%}} represents {{IPA|[ɽə]}}).
** When used to write [[Avestan]], Devanagari uses letters like {{lang|inc-Deva|ॹ|size=140%}} /ʒ/ to represent its sounds.