Editing Dead Sea Scrolls (section)

==Caves and their contents==
{{For|a full list of the scrolls from each individual cave|List of the Dead Sea Scrolls}}[[File:Great Isaiah Scroll.jpg|thumb|The [[Isaiah Scroll]] (1QIsa<sup>a</sup>) contains almost the whole [[Book of Isaiah]].]]

The 972 manuscripts found at Qumran were found primarily in two separate formats: as [[scroll]]s and as fragments of previous scrolls and texts. In the fourth cave the fragments were torn into up to 15,000 pieces. These small fragments created somewhat of a problem for scholars. G.L. Harding, director of the Jordanian Department of Antiquities, began working on piecing the fragments together but did not finish this before his death in 1979.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wise |first1=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/deadseascrollsne00wise |title=The Dead Sea Scrolls |last2=Abegg Jr. |first2=Martin |last3=Cook |first3=Edward |publisher=Harper San Francisco |year=2005 |isbn=978-0060766627 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/deadseascrollsne00wise/page/n26 5] |url-access=registration}} | [https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7xcvitgyGmgamt2dVRoX3dHdGM/view '''Les manuscrits de la Mer Morte''' avec textes originaux traduits en français par I. Fortunato)].</ref>

; Cave 1
Wadi Qumran Cave 1 was discovered for the first time in 1946. The original seven Dead Sea Scrolls from Cave 1 are the [[Isaiah scroll|Great Isaiah Scroll]] (1QIsa{{sup|a}}), a second copy of Isaiah ([[1QIsab|1QIsa{{sup|b}}]]), the [[Community Rule]] Scroll (1QS), the [[Habakkuk Commentary|Pesher on Habakkuk]] (1QpHab), the [[War Scroll]] (1QM), the [[Thanksgiving Hymns]] (1QH), and the [[Genesis Apocryphon]] (1QapGen).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vermes |first=Geza |title=The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English |publisher=Penguin |year=1998 |isbn=0-14-024501-4 |location=London, England |author-link=Geza Vermes}}</ref> One of the pottery jars containing the scrolls from Cave 1 is now kept in the [[British Museum]].<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1951-1110-1 British Museum Collection]</ref>

; Cave 2
Wadi Qumran Cave 2 was discovered in February 1952 in which the Bedouins discovered 30 fragments.{{r|Vanderkam}} The cave eventually yielded 300 fragments from 33 manuscripts of Dead Sea Scrolls, including fragments of Jubilees and the Wisdom of Sirach written in Hebrew.<ref>{{cite web | author=S.S.L. Frantisek Trstensky | title=The Archaeological Site Of Qumran and the Personality Of Roland De Vaux | url=http://www.biblicaltheology.com/Research/TrstenskyF01.pdf | access-date=22 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Dead Sea Scrolls: Timetable | publisher=The Gnostic Society Library | url=http://www.gnosis.org/library/dss/dss_timeline.htm | access-date=23 May 2012}}</ref>

; Cave 3
Wadi Qumran Cave 3 was discovered on 14 March 1952 by the ASOR team. The cave initially yielded fragments of Jubilees and the Copper Scroll.{{r|Vanderkam}}{{rp|10–11}}

; Caves 4a and 4b
[[File:The Damascus Document Scroll.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Damascus Document]] Scroll, 4Q271D<sup>f</sup>, found in Cave 4]]
[[File:Genesis 1 Dead Sea Scroll.jpg|thumb|right|4Q7, a fragment of the book of Genesis found in Cave 4]]

Wadi Qumran Cave 4 was discovered in August 1952 and was excavated from 22–29 September 1952 by Harding, de Vaux, and [[Józef Milik]].<ref>Milik (1957). "Dix ans de découverte dans le désert de Juda" | ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert''; Milik (1976). ''The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments Qumran Cave 4'' with the collaboration of Black M.</ref>{{r|Vanderkam}}{{rp|10–11}} Cave 4 is actually two hand-cut caves (4a and 4b), but since the fragments were mixed they are labelled as 4Q. Cave 4 is the most famous of Qumran caves both because of its visibility from the Qumran plateau and its productivity. It is visible from the plateau to the south of the Qumran settlement. It is by far the most productive of all Qumran caves, producing 90% of the Dead Sea Scrolls and scroll fragments (approx. 15,000 fragments from 500 different texts), including 9–10 copies of Jubilees, along with 21 ''[[tefillin]]'' and 7 ''[[Mezuzah|mezuzot]]''.

; Cave 5
Wadi Qumran Cave 5 was discovered in 1952, shortly after the discovery of Cave 4. Cave 5 produced approximately 25 manuscripts.{{r|Vanderkam}}

; Cave 6
Wadi Qumran Cave 6 was discovered alongside Cave 5 in 1952, shortly after the discovery of Cave 4. Cave 6 contained fragments of about 31 manuscripts.{{r|Vanderkam}}

; Cave 7
[[File:7Q4.png|thumb|right|Dead Sea Scroll fragments 7Q4, [[7Q5]], and 7Q8 from Cave 7 in Qumran, written on papyrus]]

Wadi Qumran Cave 7 yielded fewer than 20 fragments of Greek documents, including 7Q2 (the "[[Letter of Jeremiah]]" = [[Baruch (Bible)|Baruch]] 6), [[7Q5]] (which became the subject of much speculation in later decades), and a Greek copy of a scroll of Enoch.<ref>Baillet, Maurice ed. L''es 'Petites Grottes' de Qumrân'' (ed., vol. 3 of Discoveries in the Judaean Desert; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962), 144–145, pl. XXX.</ref><ref>Muro, Ernest A., "The Greek Fragments of Enoch from Qumran Cave 7 (7Q4, 7Q8, &7Q12 = 7QEn gr = Enoch 103:3–4, 7–8)," ''Revue de Qumran'' 18 no. 70 (1997).</ref><ref>Puech, Émile, "Sept fragments grecs de la Lettre d'Hénoch (1 Hén 100, 103, 105) dans la grotte 7 de Qumrân (= 7QHén gr)," ''Revue de Qumran'' 18 no. 70 (1997).</ref> Cave 7 also produced several inscribed potsherds and jars.<ref name="ReferenceB">Humbert and Chambon, ''Excavations of Khirbet Qumran and Ain Feshkha'', 67.</ref><ref name="Garcia Martinez 1999">{{Cite book |last1=Martinez |first1=Florentino Garcia |title=The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition |last2=Tigchelaar |first2=Eibert J.C. |publisher=Eerdmans |year=1995 |isbn=9780802844934 |volume=1 |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan}}</ref><ref name="Fitzmyer">{{Cite book | first=Joseph A. | last=Fitzmyer | title=A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature | pages=104, 109 | year=2008 | publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company | location=Grand Rapids, MI | isbn=978-0802862419 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC | access-date=9 March 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115180557/https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Guide_to_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_and_Rela.html?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC | archive-date=15 November 2016 | url-status = live}}</ref>{{rp|104, 109}}

; Cave 8

Wadi Qumran Cave 8, along with caves 7 and 9, is one of the only caves that are accessible by passing through the settlement at Qumran. Carved into the southern end of the Qumran plateau, cave 8 was excavated by archaeologists in 1957. Cave 8 produced five fragments: Genesis (8QGen), Psalms (8QPs), a tefillin fragment (8QPhyl), a mezuzah (8QMez), and a hymn (8QHymn).<ref>Baillet ed. L''es 'Petites Grottes' de Qumrân'' (ed.), 147–162, pl. XXXIXXXV.</ref> Cave 8 also produced several tefillin cases, a box of leather objects, many lamps, jars, and the sole of a leather shoe.{{r|ReferenceB|Garcia Martinez 1999|Fitzmyer}}

; Cave 9
Wadi Qumran Cave 9, along with caves 7 and 8, was one of the only caves that are accessible by passing through the settlement at Qumran. Carved into the southern end of the Qumran plateau, Cave 9 was excavated by archaeologists in 1957. There was only one manuscript fragment found in Cave 9.

; Cave 10
In Qumran Cave 10 archaeologists found two [[Ostracon|ostraca]] with writing on them, along with an unknown symbol on a grey stone slab.

; Cave 11
[[File:Temple Scroll.png|thumb|right|A view of part of the [[Temple Scroll]] that was found in Qumran Cave 11]]

Wadi Qumran Cave 11 was discovered in 1956 and yielded 21 texts of the Dead Sea Scrolls, some of which were quite lengthy. The [[Temple Scroll]], so called because more than half of it pertains to the construction of the [[Temple in Jerusalem|Temple of Jerusalem]], was found in Cave 11 and is by far the longest scroll. It is 26.7&nbsp;feet (8.15&nbsp;m) long; its original length may have been over 28&nbsp;feet (8.75&nbsp;m). The Temple Scroll was regarded by scholar [[Yigael Yadin]] as "The Torah According to the Essenes". On the other hand, Hartmut Stegemann, a contemporary and friend of Yadin, believes the scroll was not to be regarded as such but was a document without exceptional significance. Stegemann notes that it is not mentioned or cited in any known Essene writing.<ref>Stegemann, Hartmut. "The Qumran Essenes: Local Members of the Main Jewish Union in Late Second Temple Times." pp. 83–166 in ''The Madrid Qumran Congress: Proceedings of the International Congress on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Madrid, 18–21 March 1991'', Edited by J. Trebolle Barrera and L. Vegas Montaner. Vol. 11 of Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah. Leiden: Brill, 1992. {{ISBN?}}</ref>

An [[eschatology|eschatological]] fragment about the biblical figure [[Melchizedek]] ([[11Q13]]) was found in Cave 11. Cave 11 also produced a copy of Jubilees, and a proto-Masoretic text of the [[Torah scroll]] (only a fragment of the [[Book of Leviticus]] surviving), known as the [[Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll]]. According to former chief editor of the Dead Sea Scrolls editorial team [[John Strugnell]], there are at least four privately owned scrolls from Cave 11 that have not yet been made available for scholars. Among them is a complete [[Aramaic Enoch Scroll|Aramaic manuscript of the Book of Enoch]].<ref>{{cite web | first=Hershel | last=Shanks | title=An Interview with John Strugnell | url=http://www.bib-arch.org/online-exclusives/dead-sea-scrolls-12.asp | work=Biblical Archaeology Review | date=July–August 1994 | access-date=21 October 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706065646/https://www.bib-arch.org/online-exclusives/dead-sea-scrolls-12.asp | archive-date=6 July 2010 | df=dmy }}</ref>

; Cave 12
Cave 12 was discovered in February 2017 on cliffs west of Qumran, near the north-western shore of the Dead Sea.{{r|Q12_2017}} Archaeological examination found pickaxes and empty broken scroll jars, indicating that the cave had been discovered and looted in the 1950s. One of the joint [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] and [[Liberty University]] project's lead researchers, Oren Gutfeld, stated, "Although at the end of the day no scroll was found, and instead we 'only' found a piece of parchment rolled up in a jug that was being processed for writing, the findings indicate beyond any doubt that the cave contained scrolls that were stolen."{{r|McKernan}}

; Fragments with unknown provenance
Some fragments of scrolls have neither significant archaeological [[provenance]] nor records that reveal in which designated Qumran cave area they were found. They are believed to have come from Wadi Qumran caves but are just as likely to have come from other archaeological sites in the Judaean Desert area.<ref name="Grossman, Maxine 2010">Grossman, Maxine. ''Rediscovering the Dead Sea Scrolls''. pp.&nbsp;66–67. 2010.</ref> These fragments have therefore been designated to the temporary "X" series.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Fragment/Scroll # !! Fragment/Scroll Name !! KJV Bible Association !! Description
|-
| XQ1-3 || "Tefillin from Qumran" || [[Deuteronomy]] 5:1–6:3; 10:12–11:12.{{r|Grossman, Maxine 2010}} || First published in 1969; Phylacteries
|-
| XQ4 || "Tefillin from Qumran" || || Phylacteries
|-
| XQ5<sup>a</sup> || [[Book of Jubilees|Jubilees]] 7:4–5 || ||
|-
| XQ5<sup>b</sup> || Hymn || ||
|-
| XQ6 || Offering || || Small fragment with only one word in [[Aramaic]].
|-
| XQ7 || Unidentified fragment || || Strong possibility that it is part of 4QInstruction.
|-
| XQpapEn || [[Book of Enoch]] 9:1 || || One small fragment written in Hebrew. = XQ8
|}

===Gallery===
<gallery>
File:Dead Sea Scroll 175, complete, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman.jpg|Dead Sea Scroll 175, complete, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman
File:Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, complete, the Jordan Museum in Amman.jpg|Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, complete, the Jordan Museum in Amman
File:The War Scroll - Dead Sea Scroll.jpg|[[War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness|The War Scroll]], found in Qumran Cave 1.
File:1QIsa b.jpg|A portion of the second discovered copy of the [[Isaiah Scroll]], 1QIsa<sup>b</sup>.
File:Part of Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1. The Jordan Museum, Amman.jpg|Part of Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1. The Jordan Museum, Amman
File:Dead Sea Scroll, Pesher Isaiah, from Qumran Cave 4. The Jordan Museum, Amman.jpg|Dead Sea Scroll, Pesher Isaiah, from Qumran Cave 4. The Jordan Museum, Amman
File:Dead Sea Scroll 175, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4. The Jordan Museum, Amman.jpg|Dead Sea Scroll 175, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4. The Jordan Museum, Amman
File:Dead Sea Scroll 109, Qohelet or Ecclesiastes, from Qumran Cave 4. The Jordan Museum, Amman.jpg|Dead Sea Scroll 109, Qohelet or Ecclesiastes, from Qumran Cave 4. The Jordan Museum, Amman
File:Dear Sea Scrolls at the Jordan Museum in Amman.jpg|Dead Sea Scrolls at the Jordan Museum in Amman
File:The so-called Copper Dead Sea Scrolls at the Jordan Museum, from Qumran Cave 3, 1st century CE.jpg|Strips of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll at the Jordan Museum, from Qumran Cave 3, 1st century CE
File:Strip 11, part of the Copper Dear Sea Scrolls, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum.jpg|Strip 11 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum
File:Strip 15, part of the Copper Dear Sea Scrolls, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum.jpg|Strip 15 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum
File:Strip 13, part of the Copper Dear Sea Scrolls, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum.jpg|Strip 13 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum
File:Strips 1 and 2, parts of the Copper Dear Sea Scrolls, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum.jpg|Strips 1 and 2 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum
File:Dead Sea Scroll 109, Qohelet or Ecclesiastes, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman.jpg|Dead Sea Scroll 109, Qohelet or Ecclesiastes, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman
File:Dead Sea Scroll 109, Qohelet or Ecclesiastes, from Qumran Cave 4, at the Jordan Museum in Amman.jpg|Dead Sea Scroll 109, Qohelet or Ecclesiastes, from Qumran Cave 4, at the Jordan Museum in Amman
File:Dead Sea Scroll, Pesher Isaiah, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman.jpg|Dead Sea Scroll, Pesher Isaiah, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman
File:Dead Sea Scroll 175, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman.jpg|Dead Sea Scroll 175, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman
File:Detail, Dead Sea Scroll 175, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman.jpg|Detail, Dead Sea Scroll 175, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman
File:Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, the Jordan Museum in Amman.jpg|Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, the Jordan Museum in Amman
File:Part of Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, the Jordan Museum in Amman.jpg|Part of Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, the Jordan Museum in Amman
File:Part of Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, at the Jordan Museum in Amman.jpg|Part of Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, at the Jordan Museum in Amman
File:Psalm 23 Dead Sea Scrolls.jpg|Dead Sea Scroll fragment 5/6HEV PS found in the Cave of Letters at Nahal Hever
</gallery>