Editing Daylight saving time (section)

== Politics, religion and sport ==
The concept of daylight saving has caused controversy since its early proposals.<ref name="Downing-Prerau">DST practices and controversies:
* {{harvp|''Spring Forward''|2005}}
* {{harvp|''Seize the Daylight''|2005}}</ref> [[Winston Churchill]] argued that it enlarges "the opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country"<ref>{{cite journal |author= Winston S. Churchill |title= A silent toast to William Willett |journal= Pictorial Weekly |date= 28 April 1934 }}</ref> and pundits have dubbed it "Daylight Slaving Time".{{sfnp|''Seize the Daylight''|2005|p=117}} Retailing, sports, and tourism interests have historically favored daylight saving, while agricultural and evening-entertainment interests (and some religious groups{{sfnp|''Seize the Daylight''|2005|pp=[https://archive.org/details/seizedaylightcur0000prer/page/106/mode/1up?q="God's time" 106], [https://archive.org/details/seizedaylightcur0000prer/page/135/mode/1up?q=%22God's+time%22 135], [https://archive.org/details/seizedaylightcur0000prer/page/154/mode/1up?q=%22God's+time%22 154], [https://archive.org/details/seizedaylightcur0000prer/page/175/mode/1up?q=%22God's+time%22 175]; [https://archive.org/details/seizedaylightcur0000prer/page/208/mode/1up?q="religious" 208]; [https://archive.org/details/seizedaylightcur0000prer/page/212/mode/1up?q="Jews" 212];[https://archive.org/details/seizedaylightcur0000prer/page/221/mode/1up/mode/1up?q="Israel" 221]-222}}<ref name="Israel"/><ref name="JewsUS"/><ref name="Fitzpatrick2019"/>) have opposed it; energy crises and war prompted its initial adoption.{{sfnp|''Seize the Daylight''|2005|p=xi}}

Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues. It attracted many supporters, including [[Arthur Balfour]], Churchill, [[David Lloyd George]], [[Ramsay MacDonald]], King [[Edward VII]] (who used half-hour DST or "[[Sandringham time]]" at Sandringham), the managing director of [[Harrods]], and the manager of the National Bank Ltd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Slattery |first1=Sir Matthew |title=The National Bank, 1835–1970 |date=1972 |publisher=The National Bank |edition=Privately published |url=https://www.natwestgroup.com/heritage/companies/national-bank-ltd.html}}</ref> However, the opposition proved stronger, including Prime Minister [[H. H. Asquith]], [[William Christie (astronomer)|William Christie]] (the [[Astronomer Royal]]), [[George Darwin]], [[Napier Shaw]] (director of the Meteorological Office), many agricultural organizations, and theatre-owners. After many hearings, a parliamentary committee vote narrowly rejected the proposal in 1909. Willett's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914, to no avail.{{sfnp|''Seize the Daylight''|2005|pp= 12–24}} People in the US demonstrated even more skepticism; [[Andrew James Peters|Andrew Peters]] introduced a DST bill to the House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee.{{sfnp|''Seize the Daylight''|2005|pp=72–73}}

[[File:Victory-Cigar-Congress-Passes-DST.jpeg|thumb|upright|alt= Poster titled "VICTORY! CONGRESS PASSES DAYLIGHT SAVING BILL" showing Uncle Sam turning a clock to daylight saving time as a clock-headed figure throws his hat in the air. The clock face of the figure reads "ONE HOUR OF EXTRA DAYLIGHT". The bottom caption says "Get Your Hoe Ready!"| Retailers generally favor DST; [[United Cigar Stores]] hailed a 1918 DST bill.]]

Germany and [[Central Powers|its allies]] led the way in introducing DST during [[World War I]] on 30 April 1916, aiming to alleviate hardships due to wartime coal shortages and air-raid blackouts. The political equation changed in other countries; the United Kingdom used DST first on 21 May 1916.{{sfnp|''Seize the Daylight''|2005|pp= 51–70}} US retailing and manufacturing interests—led by [[Pittsburgh]] industrialist Robert Garland—soon began lobbying for DST, but railroads opposed the idea. The US' 1917 entry into the war overcame objections, and DST started in 1918.{{sfnp|''Seize the Daylight''|2005|pp= 80–101}}

The end of World War I brought a change in DST use. Farmers continued to dislike DST, and many countries repealed it—like Germany itself, which dropped DST from 1919 to 1939 and from 1950 to 1979.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/germany/berlin|title= Time Changes in Berlin Over the Years|website= timeanddate.com|access-date= 27 May 2019|archive-date= 27 May 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190527010139/https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/germany/berlin|url-status= live}}</ref> Britain proved an exception; it retained DST nationwide but adjusted transition dates over the years for several reasons, including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings. {{As of | 2009}}, summer time began annually on the last Sunday in March under a [[European Community]] directive, which may be Easter Sunday (as in 2016).<ref name=Myers>{{cite web|author= Joseph Myers|title= History of legal time in Britain|url= http://jsm28.user.srcf.net/british-time/|date= 17 July 2009}}</ref> In the US, Congress repealed DST after 1919. President [[Woodrow Wilson]]—an avid golfer like Willett—vetoed the repeal twice, but his second veto was overridden.{{sfnp|''Seize the Daylight''|2005|pp=103–110}} Only a few US cities retained DST locally,<ref>{{cite book|author= Robert Garland|title= Ten years of daylight saving from the Pittsburgh standpoint|year= 1927|publisher= Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh|oclc= 30022847|url= http://www.clpgh.org/exhibit/dst.html|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060928063039/http://www.clpgh.org/exhibit/dst.html|archive-date= 28 September 2006}}</ref> including New York (so that its financial exchanges could maintain an hour of arbitrage trading with London), and Chicago and [[Cleveland]] (to keep pace with New York).{{sfnp|''Spring Forward''|2005|pp= 47–48}} Wilson's successor as president, [[Warren G. Harding]], opposed DST as a "deception", reasoning that people should instead get up and go to work earlier in the summer. He ordered District of Columbia federal employees to start work at 8 am rather than 9 am during the summer of 1922. Some [[business]]es followed suit, though many others did not; the experiment was not repeated.{{sfnp|''Seize the Daylight''|2005|pp= 115–118}}

Since Germany's adoption of DST in 1916, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals of DST, with similar politics involved.<ref>{{cite book |title= Business and its Environment |chapter= The politics of the extension of daylight saving time |author= David P. Baron |isbn= 978-0-13-187355-1 |publisher= Prentice Hall |year= 2005 |edition= 5th }}</ref> The [[history of time in the United States]] features DST during both [[world wars]], but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966.{{sfnp|''Seize the Daylight''|2005|pp= 147–155, 175–180}}<ref>{{cite journal |author1= Ian R. Bartky |author2= Elizabeth Harrison |title= Standard and daylight-saving time |journal= Scientific American |volume= 240 |issue= 5 |pages= 46–53 |year= 1979 |issn= 0036-8733 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0579-46|bibcode= 1979SciAm.240e..46B }}</ref> [[St. Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]] and [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]], kept different clocks for two weeks in May 1965: the capital city decided to switch to daylight saving time, while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law.<ref>{{Cite web|last= Murray|first= David|title= 'Chaos of time': The history of daylight saving time, why we spring forward|url= https://www.greatfallstribune.com/story/news/2017/11/02/chaos-time-history-daylight-saving-time/827781001/|access-date= 9 November 2020|website= Great Falls Tribune|language= en-US|archive-date= 20 January 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210120125452/https://www.greatfallstribune.com/story/news/2017/11/02/chaos-time-history-daylight-saving-time/827781001/|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date= 5 May 1965|title= Twin cities disagree over daylight savings time, 1965|pages= 1|work= St. Cloud Times|url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8212127/twin-cities-disagree-over-daylight/|access-date= 9 November 2020|via= [[Newspapers.com]] |archive-date= 10 November 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201110082951/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8212127/twin-cities-disagree-over-daylight/|url-status= live}}</ref> In the mid-1980s, [[Clorox]] and [[7-Eleven]] provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to US DST. Both senators from [[Idaho]], [[Larry Craig]] and [[Mike Crapo]], voted for it based on the premise that fast-food restaurants sell more French fries (made from Idaho potatoes) during DST.<ref name=Benfield>{{cite book |author= James C. Benfield |chapter= Statement to the U.S. House, Committee on Science, Subcommittee on Energy |title= Energy Conservation Potential of Extended and Double Daylight Saving Time |date= 24 May 2001 |series= Serial 107-30 |chapter-url= http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/science/hsy73325.000/hsy73325_0.HTM#66 |access-date= 11 March 2007 |archive-date= 25 August 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070825165703/http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/science/hsy73325.000/hsy73325_0.htm |url-status= live }}</ref>

A [[1992 Queensland daylight saving referendum|referendum on the introduction of daylight saving]] took place in [[Queensland, Australia]], in 1992, after a three-year trial of daylight saving. It was defeated with a 54.5% "no" vote, with regional and rural areas strongly opposed, and those in the metropolitan southeast in favor.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ecq.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/1708/1992-Statistical-Returns_Daylight-Saving-Summary.pdf |title= 1992 Queensland Daylight Saving Referendum |access-date= 25 July 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170911195711/https://www.ecq.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/1708/1992-Statistical-Returns_Daylight-Saving-Summary.pdf |archive-date= 11 September 2017 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

In 2003, the United Kingdom's [[Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents]] supported a proposal to observe year-round daylight saving time, but it has been opposed by some industries, by some postal workers and farmers, and particularly by those living in the northern regions of the UK.<ref name="RoSPA"/>

In 2005, the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association and the [[National Association of Convenience Stores]] successfully lobbied for the 2007 extension to US DST.<ref name="Beam">{{cite news |url= https://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2005/07/26/dim_witted_proposal_for_daylight_time/ |title= Dim-witted proposal for daylight time |work= Boston Globe |author= Alex Beam |date= 26 July 2005 |access-date= 20 April 2020 |archive-date= 3 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191958/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2005/07/26/dim_witted_proposal_for_daylight_time/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

In December 2008, the [[Daylight Saving for South East Queensland]] (DS4SEQ) political party was officially registered in Queensland, advocating the implementation of a dual-time-zone arrangement for daylight saving in [[South East Queensland]], while the rest of the state maintained standard time.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/12/14/2445953.htm |work= ABC News |title= Daylight Saving group launched as new Qld political party |date= 14 December 2008 |access-date= 25 July 2010 |archive-date= 4 January 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090104003341/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/12/14/2445953.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref> DS4SEQ contested the March 2009 Queensland state election with 32 candidates and received one percent of the [[Optional preferential voting|statewide primary vote]], equating to around 2.5% across the 32 electorates contested.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ecq.qld.gov.au/elections/state/state2009/results/summary.html#16 |title= Total Candidates Nominated for Election by Party&nbsp;– 2009 State Election |publisher= Electoral Commission of Queensland (ECQ) |access-date= 19 June 2010 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110226114323/http://www.ecq.qld.gov.au/elections/state/state2009/results/summary.html |archive-date= 26 February 2011 }}</ref> After a three-year trial, more than 55% of Western Australians voted against DST in 2009, with rural areas strongly opposed.<ref>{{cite news |author= Paige Taylor |work= The Australian |date= 18 May 2009 |title= Daylight saving at a sunset out west |url= http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/daylight-saving-at-a-sunset-out-west/story-e6frg6pf-1225713080046 |access-date= 5 March 2010 |archive-date= 27 October 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111027170847/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/daylight-saving-at-a-sunset-out-west/story-e6frg6pf-1225713080046 |url-status= live }}</ref> Queensland Independent member [[Peter Wellington]] introduced the [[Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Act 2010|Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010]] into the Queensland parliament on 14 April 2010, after being approached by the DS4SEQ political party, calling for a referendum at the next state election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual-time-zone arrangement.<ref>{{cite news | title = Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 | date = 14 April 2010 | url = https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/Bills/53PDF/2010/DaySavSEQRB10_P.pdf | access-date = 25 July 2010 | archive-date = 13 June 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100613141903/http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/Bills/53PDF/2010/DaySavSEQRB10_P.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> The Queensland parliament rejected Wellington's bill on 15 June 2011.<ref>{{cite news | title = Daylight saving silence 'deafening' | date = 16 June 2011 | url = http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/daylight-saving-silence-deafening-20110616-1g4k6.html | access-date = 19 June 2011 | url-status= dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110618034521/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/daylight-saving-silence-deafening-20110616-1g4k6.html | archive-date = 18 June 2011 }}</ref>

Russia declared in 2011 that it would stay in DST all year long ([[UTC+4:00]]) and Belarus followed with a similar declaration.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/belarus-eternal-dst.html |last= Time and Date |title= Eternal Daylight Saving Time (DST) in Belarus |date= 19 September 2011 |access-date= 20 October 2016 |archive-date= 19 October 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171019034933/https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/belarus-eternal-dst.html |url-status= live }}</ref> (The [[Soviet Union]] had operated under permanent [[Decree time|"summer time"]] from 1930 to at least 1982.) Russia's plan generated widespread complaints due to the dark of winter-time mornings, and thus was abandoned in 2014.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://news.yahoo.com/russia-abandons-round-daylight-saving-time-135222141.html| title= Russia abandons year-round daylight-saving time| publisher= AP| date= 1 July 2014| access-date= 21 October 2014| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150904045548/http://news.yahoo.com/russia-abandons-round-daylight-saving-time-135222141.html| archive-date= 4 September 2015}}</ref> The country changed its clocks to standard time ([[UTC+3:00]]) on 26 October 2014, intending to stay there permanently.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-29773559|title= Russian clocks go back for last time|publisher= BBC|date= 25 October 2014|access-date= 25 October 2014|archive-date= 26 October 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141026165046/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-29773559|url-status= live}}</ref>

In the United States, [[Arizona]] (with the exception of the Navajo Nation), [[Hawaii]], and the five populated territories ([[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Puerto Rico]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], and the [[US Virgin Islands]]) do not participate in daylight saving time.<ref name="ncsl" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=No DST in Most of Arizona|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/us/arizona-no-dst.html |first1=Anne |last1=Buckle |access-date=11 February 2022|website=timeanddate.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Indiana]] only began participating in daylight saving time as recently as 2006. Between 2018 and 2024, former Florida Republican Senator [[Marco Rubio]] repeatedly filed bills to extend daylight saving time permanently into winter, without success.<ref name="howell-2022" />

Mexico observed summertime daylight saving time starting in 1996. In late 2022, the nation's clocks "fell back" for the last time, in restoration of permanent standard time.<ref name="perlmutter-2022">{{cite news |last1=Perlmutter |first1=Lillian |title=Mexico falls back but won't spring forward as summer time abolished |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/27/mexico-votes-abolish-summer-time-daylight-savings |access-date=7 January 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=27 October 2022}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
Some religious groups and individuals have opposed DST on religious grounds. For religious Muslims and Jews it makes religious practices such as prayer and fasting more difficult or inconvenient.{{sfnp|''Seize the Daylight''|2005|pp= [https://archive.org/details/seizedaylightcur0000prer/page/212/mode/1up?q="Jews" 212];[https://archive.org/details/seizedaylightcur0000prer/page/221/mode/1up/mode/1up?q="Israel" 221]-222}}<ref name="Israel"/><ref name="JewsUS"/><ref name="Fitzpatrick2019"/>
Some Muslim countries, such as Morocco, have temporarily abandoned DST during Ramadan.<ref name="Fitzpatrick2019">{{Cite news|last= Fitzpatrick|first= Kyle|date= 21 October 2019|title= When do the clocks change around the world? And why?|language= en-GB|work= The Guardian|url= https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/oct/21/spring-forward-fall-back-who-changes-the-clocks-when-and-why|access-date= 4 December 2020|issn= 0261-3077|quote= Most Islamic countries do not use daylight saving time as during Ramadan it can mean that the evening dinner is delayed till later in the day.|archive-date= 1 November 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201101041718/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/oct/21/spring-forward-fall-back-who-changes-the-clocks-when-and-why|url-status= live}}</ref>

In [[Israel Summer Time|Israel, DST]] has been a point of contention between the religious and secular, resulting in fluctuations over the years, and a shorter DST period than in the EU and US. Religious Jews prefer a shorter DST{{efn|Starting after [[Passover]] and ended before [[Yom Kippur]] (less than 180 days)}} due to DST delaying scheduled [[Shacharit|morning prayers]], thus conflicting with standard working and [[business hours]]. Additionally, DST is ended before [[Yom Kippur]] (a 25-hour fast day starting and ending at sunset, much of which is spent praying in synagogue until the fast ends at sunset) since DST would result in the day ending later, which many feel makes it more difficult.{{efn |Although DST does not affect the duration of the fast, which is 25 hours regardless, many find it easier to start and end earlier rather than later.}}<ref name="Israel">
* {{cite news |last1=Stoil |first1=Rebecca Anna |title=Politicians fight over setting the clock back |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Politicians-fight-over-setting-the-clock-back |work=The Jerusalem Post  |date=2010}}
* {{cite news |last1=Cohen |first1=Benyamin |title=Senate passes bill to make daylight saving time permanent, complicating life for observant Jews |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/484030/senate-passes-bill-daylight-saving-time-permanent-orthodox-jewish-sunset/ |work=The Forward |date=2022}}
</ref>{{sfnp|''Seize the Daylight''|2005|p=[https://archive.org/details/seizedaylightcur0000prer/page/221/mode/1up?q=Israel 221]}}

In the US, Orthodox Jewish groups have opposed extensions to DST,{{sfnp|''Seize the Daylight''|2005|p=[https://archive.org/details/seizedaylightcur0000prer/page/212/mode/1up?q=jews 212]}} as well as a 2022 bipartisan bill <ref>'''''Congressional Record''. “Sunshine Protection Act of 2021 – Senate Debate and Passage.” Vol. 168, no. 46, 15 Mar. 2022, pp. S1165–S1166. U.S. Government Publishing Office. <nowiki>https://www.congress.gov/117/crec/2022/03/15/168/46/CREC-2022-03-15-pt1-PgS1165-5.pdf</nowiki>'''</ref>that would make DST permanent, saying it will "interfere with the ability of members of our community to engage in congregational prayers and get to their places of work on time."<ref name="JewsUS">
* {{cite news |last1=Kornbluh |first1=Jacob |author-link1=Jacob Kornbluh |title=Orthodox groups launch uphill battle against daylight saving time bill |url=https://forward.com/news/484265/orthodox-union-jewish-sunshine-protection-act-daylight-saving-time-bill/ |work=The Forward}}
* {{cite news |last1=Berman |first1=Jesse |title=What permanent daylight saving time could mean for the Jewish community |url=https://www.jewishtimes.com/what-permanent-daylight-saving-could-mean-for-the-jewish-community/ |work=Baltimore Jewish Times |date=18 March 2022}}</ref>