Editing David Hilbert (section)

===Later years===
Like [[Albert Einstein]], Hilbert had closest contacts with the [[Berlin Circle|Berlin Group]], whose leading founders had studied under Hilbert in Göttingen ([[Kurt Grelling]], [[Hans Reichenbach]], and [[Walter Dubislav]]).<ref>{{cite book|first1=Nikolay|last1=Milkov|first2=Volker|last2=Peckhaus|chapter=The Berlin Group and the Vienna Circle: Affinities and Divergences |url=https://philpapers.org/archive/MILTBG-2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820161819/http://philpapers.org/archive/MILTBG-2.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-20 |url-status=live|page=20|date=2013-01-01 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-5485-0_1|title=The Berlin Group and the Philosophy of Logical Empiricism|access-date=2021-05-19 |series=Boston Studies un the Philosophy and History of Science|volume=273|isbn=978-94-007-5485-0|oclc=7325392474}}</ref>

Around 1925, Hilbert developed [[pernicious anemia]], a then-untreatable vitamin deficiency of which the primary symptom is exhaustion; his assistant [[Eugene Wigner]] described him as subject to "enormous fatigue" and how he "seemed quite old", and that even after eventually being diagnosed and treated, he "was hardly a scientist after 1925, and certainly not a Hilbert".<ref>{{cite book |date=1992-10-01 |first2=Andrew |last2=Szanton |first1=Eugene P. |last1=Wigner |title=The Recollections of Eugene P. Wigner |publisher=Plenum |isbn=0-306-44326-0 }}</ref>

Hilbert was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1932.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=David+Hilbert&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>

Hilbert lived to see the [[Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service|Nazis purge]] many of the prominent faculty members at [[Georg August University of Göttingen|University of Göttingen]] in 1933.<ref>{{cite web |first=Steve |last=Tappan |url=http://www.atomicheritage.org/index.php/component/content/167.html?task=view |title="Shame" at Göttingen| access-date=2013-06-05 | archive-date=2013-11-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105154634/http://www.atomicheritage.org/index.php/component/content/167.html?task=view| url-status=dead}} (Hilbert's colleagues exiled)</ref> Those forced out included [[Hermann Weyl]] (who had taken Hilbert's chair when he retired in 1930), [[Emmy Noether]], and [[Edmund Landau]]. One who had to leave Germany, [[Paul Bernays]], had collaborated with Hilbert in mathematical logic, and co-authored with him the important book ''[[Grundlagen der Mathematik]]''<ref>{{cite journal
	| url = https://www.nature.com/articles/136126a0
	| title = abstract for Grundlagen der Mathematik
	| last = Milne-Thomson
	| first = L
	| date = 1935
	| journal = Nature
	| volume = 136
	| issue = 3430
	| pages = 126–127
	| doi = 10.1038/136126a0
	| s2cid = 4122792
	| access-date = 2023-12-15
	| quote = This is probably the most important book on mathematical foundations that has appeared since Whitehead and Russell's "Principia Mathematica".
}}

</ref> (which eventually appeared in two volumes, in 1934 and 1939). This was a sequel to the Hilbert–[[Wilhelm Ackermann|Ackermann]] book ''[[Principles of Mathematical Logic]]'' (1928). Hermann Weyl's successor was [[Helmut Hasse]].{{fact|date=May 2025}}

About a year later, Hilbert attended a banquet and was seated next to the new Minister of Education, [[Bernhard Rust]]. Rust asked whether "the Mathematical Institute really suffered so much because of the departure of the [[Jews]]". Hilbert replied: "Suffered? It doesn't exist any longer, does it?"<ref>{{cite book |first=Eckart |last=Menzler-Trott |title=Gentzens Problem. Mathematische Logik im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland. |publisher=Birkhäuser |date=2001 |isbn=3-764-36574-9 |location=Auflage |page=142 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Hajo G. |last=Meyer |title=Tragisches Schicksal. Das deutsche Judentum und die Wirkung historischer Kräfte: Eine Übung in angewandter Geschichtsphilosophie |publisher=Frank & Timme |date=2008 |isbn=3-865-96174-6 |page=202 }}</ref>