Editing Częstochowa (section)

===World War I===
In early August 1914, Częstochowa was abandoned by the [[Imperial Russian Army]], and the first units of the [[German Army (German Empire)|German Army]] entered the city on August 3. Four days later drunken German soldiers shot at each other; an unknown number died. Residents of the city were accused of killing Germans, and as a punishment, a number of civilians were executed. During the German occupation (1914–1918), Częstochowa was cut off from its prior Russian markets, which resulted in widespread poverty and unemployment. Furthermore, German authorities closed down several factories, urging unemployed workers to migrate to [[Upper Silesia]], where they replaced men drafted into the army. Altogether, some 20,000 left for Upper Silesia and other provinces of the [[German Empire]]. On 2 February 1915 Częstochowa was visited by [[Charles I of Austria]]. Four days later Emperor [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]] came to the city, and on 17 May 1915 Częstochowa hosted [[Kingdom of Saxony|King of Saxony]] [[Frederick Augustus III of Saxony|Frederick Augustus III]].

Unlike the city of Częstochowa, since 26 April 1915 the Jasna Góra Monastery had been under the control and protection of [[Austria-Hungary]], after the personal intervention of Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I]], who was a pious Roman Catholic. The monastery was manned by soldiers under Austrian Army Captain Josef Klettinger and remained under Austrian control until 4 November 1918. In October 1917 the City Council of Częstochowa demanded permission to destroy the monument to Tsar Alexander II, to which General Governor of Warsaw [[Hans Hartwig von Beseler]] agreed. Polish authorities established control over the entire city on 11 November 1918, the day of the re-establishment of Poland's independence.