Editing Cusco (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Cusco}}
{{Quote box |width=25em |align=right |title_bg=#B0C4DE
|title=Timeline of Cusco <br><small>Historical affiliations</small>
|fontsize=80% |quote={{Noflag|[[Kingdom of Cusco]]}}, 1197–1438<br>
{{flagicon image|Suntur Paucar.svg}} [[Inca Empire]], 1438–1532<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg}} [[Habsburg Spain|Kingdom of Spain – Habsburg]] ([[Governorate of New Castile]] and [[Viceroyalty of Peru]]), 1532–1700 <br />
{{flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1760–1785).svg}} [[History of Spain (1700–1808)|Kingdom of Spain – Bourbon]] ([[Viceroyalty of Peru]]), 1700–1808 <br/>
{{flagicon image|Bandera de España 1808-1813.svg}} [[Spain under Joseph Bonaparte|Kingdom of Spain – Bonaparte]] ([[Viceroyalty of Peru]]), 1808–1813 <br/>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1760–1785).svg}} [[History of Spain (1700–1808)|Kingdom of Spain – Bourbon]] ([[Viceroyalty of Peru]]), 1813–1821 <br/>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Peru (1821-1822).svg}} [[Protectorate of Peru]], 1821–1822<br>
{{flag|Peru}}, 1822–1836<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.svg}} [[Peru–Bolivian Confederation]] ([[Republic of South Peru]]), 1836–1839 <br>
{{flag|Peru}}, 1839–present
}}

[[File:Sacsayhuamán, Cusco, Perú, 2015-07-31, DD 35.JPG|thumb|[[Sacsayhuamán]] is an Inca ceremonial fortress located two kilometers north from Cusco.|231x231px|left]]

=== Killke culture ===

The [[Killke culture|Killke]] people occupied the region from 900 to 1200 AD, prior to the arrival of the [[Inca]] in the 13th century. [[Radiocarbon dating|Carbon-14 dating]] of [[Saksaywaman]], the walled complex outside Cusco, established that Killke constructed the fortress about 1100 AD. The Inca later expanded and occupied the complex in the 13th century. In March 2008, [[archeologist]]s discovered the ruins of an ancient temple, roadway and [[aqueduct (watercourse)|aqueduct]] system at Saksaywaman.<ref name="temple">{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080331-inca-temple.html |first1=Kelly |last1=Hearn |title=Ancient Temple Discovered Among Inca Ruins |website=National Geographic News |date=31 March 2008 |access-date=12 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206055613/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080331-inca-temple.html |archive-date=6 December 2010 }}</ref> The temple covers some {{convert|2700|sqft|m2|abbr=off|sp=us}} and contains 11 rooms thought to have held idols and mummies,<ref name="temple"/> establishing its religious purpose. Together with the results of excavations in 2007, when another temple was found at the edge of the fortress, this indicates a longtime religious as well as military use of the facility.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comcast.net/news/index.jsp?cat=GENERAL&fn=/2008/03/14/911994.html&cookieattempt=1 |title=News |publisher=Comcast.net<! |access-date=22 July 2009 }}</ref>

===Inca period===
{{Main|Kingdom of Cusco|Inca Empire}}
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| image2            = View of Cusco from Coricancha.jpg
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| footer            = Digital recreation of the original interior of the [[Coricancha|Qurikancha]] (The main Temple of the Sun of the Inca Empire) according to the description of [[Inca Garcilaso de la Vega|Garcilaso de la Vega]]; and the current Qoricancha's wall remains below the Convento de Santo Domingo
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}}Cusco was long an important center of indigenous people. It was the capital of the [[Inca Empire]] (13th century – 1532). Many believe that the city was planned as an [[effigy]] in the shape of a [[Cougar|puma]], a [[sacred]] animal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cusco.net/articulos/cuscoinca.htm#Puma |title=The history of Cusco |publisher=cusco.net<! |access-date=25 July 2009 |archive-date=21 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821033818/http://www.cusco.net/articulos/cuscoinca.htm#Puma |url-status=dead }}</ref> How Cusco was specifically built, or how its large stones were quarried and transported to the site remain undetermined. Under the Inca, the city had two sectors: the ''hurin'' and ''hanan''. Each was divided to encompass two of the four provinces, [[Chinchasuyu]] (NW), [[Antisuyu]] (NE), [[Kuntisuyu]] (SW) and [[Qullasuyu]] (SE). A road led from each quarter to the corresponding quarter of the empire.

Each local leader was required to build a house in the city and live part of the year in Cusco, restricted to the quarter that corresponded to the quarter in which he held territory. After the rule of [[Pachacuti]], when an [[Sapa Inca|Inca]] died, his title went to one son and his property was given to a corporation controlled by his other relatives ([[split inheritance]]). Each title holder had to build a new house and add new lands to the empire in order to own land for his family to keep after his death.

According to Inca legend, the city was rebuilt by [[Sapa Inca]] [[Pachacuti]], the man who transformed the Kingdom of Cusco from a sleepy city-state into the vast empire of ''[[Tawantinsuyu]]''.<ref name=Gamboa>de Gamboa, P. S., 2015, ''History of the Incas'', Lexington, {{ISBN|9781463688653 }}</ref>{{rp|66–69}} Archeological evidence, however, points to a slower, more organic growth of the city beginning before Pachacuti. The city was constructed according to a definite plan in which two rivers were channeled around the city. Archeologists have suggested that this city plan was replicated at other sites.

The city fell to the sphere of [[Huáscar]] during the [[Inca Civil War]] after the death of [[Huayna Capac]] in 1528. It was captured by the generals of [[Atahualpa]] in April 1532 in the [[Battle of Quipaipan]]. Nineteen months later, Spanish explorers invaded the city after kidnapping and murdering Atahualpa (see [[Battle of Cuzco]]), and gained control.

===Spanish period===
{{See also|Spanish conquest of Peru|Cusco School}}
[[File:Capitulo-XCII.jpg|thumb|The first image of Cusco in Europe. [[Pedro Cieza de León]]. ''Crónica del Perú'', 1553.|left]]

The first three [[Spanish Empire|Spaniards]] arrived in the city in May 1533, after the [[Battle of Cajamarca]], collecting for [[Atahualpa]]'s [[Ransom Room]]. On 15 November 1533 [[Francisco Pizarro]] officially arrived in Cusco. "The capital of the Incas&nbsp;... astonished the Spaniards by the beauty of its edifices, the length and regularity of its streets." The great square was surrounded by several palaces, since "each sovereign built a new palace for himself." "The delicacy of the stone work excelled" that of the Spaniards'. The fortress had three [[parapet]]s and was composed of "heavy masses of rock". "Through the heart of the capital ran a river&nbsp;... faced with stone.&nbsp;... The most sumptuous edifice in Cuzco&nbsp;... was undoubtedly the great temple dedicated to the Sun&nbsp;... studded with gold plates&nbsp;... surrounded by convents and dormitories for the priests.&nbsp;... The palaces were numerous and the troops lost no time in plundering them of their contents, as well as despoiling the religious edifices," including the royal mummies in the [[Coricancha]].<ref name=Prescott>Prescott, W. H. (2011). ''The History of the Conquest of Peru''. Digireads.com Publishing, {{ISBN|9781420941142 }}</ref>{{rp|186–187, 192–193, 216–219}}

Pizarro ceremoniously gave [[Manco Inca]] the Incan fringe as the new Peruvian leader.<ref name=Prescott/>{{rp|221}} Pizarro encouraged some of his men to stay and settle in the city, giving out [[repartimiento]]s, or land grants to do so.<ref name=Pizarro>Pizzaro, P. (1571). ''Relation of the Discovery and Conquest of the Kingdoms of Peru'', Vol. 1–2. New York: Cortes Society, RareBooksClub.com, {{ISBN|9781235937859 }}</ref>{{rp|46}} [[Alcaldes]] were established and [[regidor]]es on 24 March 1534, which included the brothers [[Gonzalo Pizarro]] and [[Juan Pizarro (conquistador)|Juan Pizarro]]. Pizarro left a garrison of 90 men and departed for [[Jauja]] with Manco Inca.<ref name=Prescott/>{{rp|222, 227}}
[[File:Braun Cusco UBHD.jpg|thumb|258x258px|Map showing the city of Cusco during the Inca Empire. Painting of 1565 by [[Giovanni Battista Ramusio]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://brbl-dl.library.yale.edu/vufind/Record/3440416 |title=Il Cvscho, citta principale della provincia del Perv. |website=[[Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library]] of the [[Yale University Library]] |access-date=11 January 2020 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214130333/https://brbl-dl.library.yale.edu/vufind/Record/3440416 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONGJDwAAQBAJ&q=Giovanni+Battista+Ramusio+cusco&pg=PT437 |title=Maps and travel in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period |date=March 2019 |isbn=978-3-11-058877-4 |author1=Ingrid Baumgärtner |author2=Nirit Ben-Aryeh Debby |author3=Katrin Kogman-Appel |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |location=Berlin, Boston }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqc1GIhK_wEC&q=Giovanni+Battista+Ramusio+cusco&pg=PA120 |pages=120 |title=America in European Consciousness, 1493–1750 |author=Karen Ordahl Kupperman |year=1995 |publisher=[[Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture]], [[University of North Carolina Press]] |isbn=978-0-8078-4510-3 }}</ref>]]
Pizarro renamed it as the "very noble and great city of Cuzco". Buildings often constructed after the Spanish invasion have a mixture of Spanish influence and Inca [[indigenous architecture]], including the Santa Clara and San Blas neighborhoods. The Spanish destroyed many Inca buildings, temples and palaces. They used the remaining walls as bases for the construction of a new city, and this stone masonry is still visible.

Father [[Vincente de Valverde]] became the Bishop of Cusco and built his cathedral facing the [[Plaza de Armas (Cusco)|plaza]]. He supported construction of the [[Dominican Order]] monastery ([[Church and Convent of Santo Domingo, Cusco|Santo Domingo Convent]]) on the ruins of the Corichanca, House of the Sun, and a convent at the former site of the House of the Virgins of the Sun.<ref name=Prescott/>{{rp|222}}

During the [[Siege of Cuzco]] of 1536 by [[Manco Inca Yupanqui]], a leader of the [[Sapa Inca]], he took control of the city from the Spanish. Although the siege lasted 10 months, it was ultimately unsuccessful. Manco's forces were able to reclaim the city for only a few days. He eventually retreated to [[Vilcabamba, Peru|Vilcabamba]], the capital of the newly established small [[Neo-Inca State]]. There his state survived another 36 years but he was never able to return to Cuzco. Throughout the conflict and years of the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]], many Incas died of [[smallpox]] epidemics, as they had no acquired immunity to a disease by then endemic among Europeans.

Cusco was built on layers of cultures. The Tawantinsuyu (former [[Inca Empire]]) was built on [[Killke]] structures. The Spanish replaced [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] temples with Catholic churches, and Inca palaces with mansions for the invaders.

Cusco was the center for the Spanish colonization and spread of Christianity in the [[Andes|Andean]] world. It became very prosperous thanks to agriculture, cattle raising and mining, as well as its trade with [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]]. The Spanish colonists constructed many churches and [[convent]]s, as well as a [[Cusco Cathedral|cathedral]], [[National University of Saint Anthony the Abbot in Cuzco|university]] and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cusco|archdiocese]].

[[File:Colonial balconies of Cusco Ephraim George Squier.jpg|alt=|thumb|''View in the Plaza del Cabildo, Cuzco'' in 1877 by [[Ephraim George Squier]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/peruincidentsoft00squi/page/430/mode/2up |page=431 |title=Peru; incidents of travel and exploration in the land of the Incas |author=[[Ephraim George Squier]] |year=1877 |publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Brothers]] }}</ref>]]
[[File:Vista panorámica de la ciudad de Cuzco (circa 1897) (cropped).jpg|alt=|thumb|Panoramic view of Cusco in 1897, showing the city, surrounding farmland, and mountains. "CUZCO" is written on the ground.]]

===Present===

A major earthquake on 21 May 1950 damaged more than one third of the city's structures. The Dominican Priory and Church of Santo Domingo, which were built on top of the impressive ''[[Qurikancha]]'' (Temple of the Sun), were among the affected colonial era buildings. Inca architecture withstood the earthquake. Many of the old Inca walls were at first thought to have been lost after the earthquake, but the [[granite]] retaining walls of the ''Qurikancha'' were exposed, as well as those of other ancient structures throughout the city. Restoration work at the Santo Domingo complex exposed the Inca masonry formerly obscured by the superstructure without compromising the integrity of the colonial heritage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-destinations.com/peru/cusco-koricancha.htm |title=Koricancha Temple and Santo Domingo Convent – Cusco, Peru |publisher=Sacred-destinations.com |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907075704/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/peru/cusco-koricancha.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of the buildings damaged in 1950 had been impacted by an earthquake only nine years previously.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/44/2A/97 |title=The Cusco, Peru, Earthquake of May 21, 1950 |author=Erickson |display-authors=et al |volume=44 |issue=2 |page=97 |work=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America |publisher=Bssa.geoscienceworld.org |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-date=6 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506074044/http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/44/2A/97 |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Hatunrumiyoc (7640968366).jpg|thumb|View of Hatun Rumiyuq Street. Many of the colonial constructions used the city's Inca constructions as a base.<ref>{{cite web |title=City of Cuzco |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/273/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage website |access-date=9 December 2019 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624160613/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/273/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]In the 1990s, during the [[Provincial Municipality of Cusco|mayoral administration]] of Mayor [[Daniel Estrada (politician)|Daniel Estrada Pérez]], the city underwent a new process of beautification through the restoration of monuments and the construction of plazas, fountains and monuments. Likewise, thanks to the efforts of this authority, various recognitions were achieved, such as the declaration as "Historical Capital of Peru" contained in the text of the Political Constitution of Peru of 1993. It was also decided to change the coat of arms of Cusco, leaving aside the colonial coat of arms and adopting the "[[Sol de Echenique]]" as the new coat of arms. Additionally, the change of the official name of the city was proposed to adopt the Quechua word ''Qosqo'', but this change was reversed a few years later. Currently, Cusco is the most important tourist destination in Peru. Under the administration of mayor Daniel Estrada Pérez, a staunch supporter of the ''[[Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua]]'', between 1983 and 1995 the [[Quechua languages|Quechua]] name ''Qosqo'' was officially adopted for the city. Tourism in the city was drastically affected by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Peru]] and the [[2022–2023 Peruvian protests]], with the latter event costing the area 10 million soles daily.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vega |first=Ysela |title=Cusco sin 4.000 reservas hoteleras y pérdidas de S/10 millones al día |url=https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/2023/02/06/cuzco-4000-reservas-hoteleras-perdidas-de-s-10-millones-al-dia-dina-boluarte-paro-nacional-protestas-326748 |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=La Republica |date=6 February 2023 |language=es }}</ref>

=== Honors ===
*In 1933, the Congress of Americanists met in [[La Plata]], Argentina, and declared the city as the Archeological Capital of the Americas.
*In 1978, the 7th Convention of Mayors of Great World Cities met in [[Milan]], Italy, and declared Cusco a Cultural Heritage of the World.
*In 1983, [[UNESCO]], in Paris, France, declared the city a [[World Heritage Site]]. The [[Government of Peru|Peruvian government]] declared it the Tourism Capital of Peru and [[Cultural heritage of Peru|Cultural Heritage of the Nation]].
*In 2001, in Cusco, the Latin American Congress of Aldermen and Councillors awarded Cusco the title of Historical Capital of Latinamerica.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=GrupoRPP |date=22 February 2013 |title=Títulos honoríficos que ostentan la ciudad del Cusco y Machu Picchu |url=https://rpp.pe/peru/actualidad/titulos-honorificos-que-ostentan-la-ciudad-del-cusco-y-machu-picchu-noticia-569731 |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=RPP |language=es |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504180250/https://rpp.pe/peru/actualidad/titulos-honorificos-que-ostentan-la-ciudad-del-cusco-y-machu-picchu-noticia-569731 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*In 2007 the Organización Capital Americana de la Cultura awarded Cusco the title of Cultural Capital of America.<ref name=":1" />
*In 2007, the New7Wonders Foundation designated [[Machu Picchu]] one of the [[New Seven Wonders of the World]], following a worldwide poll.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/08/1972797.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712115954/http://abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/08/1972797.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 July 2007 |title=Opera House snubbed as new Wonders unveiled |date=8 July 2007 |work=abc.net.au }}</ref>