Editing Culture war (section)

==Culture wars by country==
===United States===
{{excerpt|Ethnocultural politics in the United States}}
[[File:Christopher Columbus Statue Torn Down at Minnesota State Capitol on June 10, 2020.jpg|thumb|right|Members of the [[American Indian Movement]] toppled a [[Statue of Christopher Columbus (Saint Paul, Minnesota)|statue of Christopher Columbus]] in Saint Paul, Minnesota, on June 10, 2020.]]
====1920s–1991: Origins====
{{expand section|date=December 2021}}
In American usage, ''culture war'' may imply a conflict between those values considered [[Traditionalist conservatism in the United States|traditionalist]] or [[Conservativism in the United States|conservative]] and those considered [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive]] or [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]]. This usage originated in the 1920s when urban and rural American values came into closer conflict.<ref>{{cite web|date=Fall 2001|title=Seminar on the Culture Wars of the 1920s|url=http://www1.assumption.edu/ahc/1920s/|access-date=October 24, 2021|archive-date=October 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025063441/http://www1.assumption.edu/ahc/1920s/|url-status=live}}</ref> This followed several decades of immigration to the States by people who earlier European immigrants considered 'alien'. It was also a result of the cultural shifts and modernizing trends of the [[Roaring Twenties]], culminating in the presidential campaign of [[Al Smith]] in 1928.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dionne|first=E. J.|author-link=E. J. Dionne|title=Culture Wars: How 2004|url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/reclaiming_faith_and_politics.html|access-date=January 30, 2009|archive-date=December 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210160538/http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/reclaiming_faith_and_politics.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In subsequent decades during the 20th century, the term was published occasionally in American newspapers.<ref>{{Cite news|title=What Bismarck could not do (Culture War reference) (1906)|url=http://www.newspapers.com/clip/29457081/what_bismarck_could_not_do_culture_war/|access-date=2019-03-13|newspaper=Washington Palladium|date=December 21, 1906|page=2|language=en|archive-date=August 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818073847/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29457081/what-bismarck-could-not-do-culture-war/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Culture War' to be theme of talk (1942)|url=http://www.newspapers.com/clip/29456609/culture_war_to_be_theme_of_talk_1942/|access-date=2019-03-13|newspaper=Oakland Tribune|date=February 18, 1942|page=5|language=en|archive-date=December 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212171946/http://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-culture-war-to-be-them/29456609/|url-status=live}}</ref> Historian Matthew Dallek argues the [[John Birch Society]] (JBS) was an early promoter of culture war ideas.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/05/17/1176662608/a-historian-details-how-a-secretive-extremist-group-radicalized-the-american-rig |title=A historian details how a secretive, extremist group radicalized the American right |date=2023-05-17 |last=Gross |first=Terry |type=Radio broadcast |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |series=Fresh Air}}</ref> Scholar Celestini Carmen traces the JBS's apocalyptic culture war rhetoric through the connections of [[Christian right]] leaders such as [[Tim LaHaye]] and [[Phyllis Schlafly]] to the JBS and their founding of the [[Moral Majority]].<ref>{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last1=Celestini |first1=Carmen |title=God, Country, and Christian Conservatives: The National Association of Manufacturers, the John Birch Society, and the Rise of the Christian Right |url=https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/handle/10012/13361/Celestini_Carmen.pdf |date=2018 |publisher=[[University of Waterloo]] |pages=iv, 37, 283, 322–325, 328–334}}</ref>

====1991–2001: Rise in prominence====
[[James Davison Hunter]], a [[sociologist]] at the [[University of Virginia]], introduced the expression again in his 1991 publication, ''[[Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America]]''. Hunter described what he saw as a dramatic realignment and polarization that had transformed [[politics of the United States|American politics]] and [[American culture|culture]]. He argued that on an increasing number of "[[Hot-button issue|hot-button]]" defining issues—[[abortion]], [[gun politics]], [[separation of church and state]], [[privacy]], [[recreational drug use]], [[homosexuality]], [[censorship]]—there existed two definable polarities. Furthermore, not only were there a number of divisive issues, but society had divided along essentially the same lines on these issues, so as to constitute two warring groups, defined primarily not by nominal religion, ethnicity, social class, or even political affiliation, but rather by ideological [[world-view]]s. Hunter characterized this polarity as stemming from opposite impulses, toward what he referred to as ''Progressivism'' and as ''Orthodoxy''. Others have adopted the dichotomy with varying labels. For example, [[Bill O'Reilly (commentator)|Bill O'Reilly]], a conservative political commentator and former host of the [[Fox News Channel]] talk show ''[[The O'Reilly Factor]]'', emphasizes differences between "Secular-Progressives" and "Traditionalists" in his 2006 book ''[[Culture Warrior]]''.<ref>Brian Dakss,
[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bill-oreillys-culture-warrior/ "Bill O'Reilly's 'Culture Warrior'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213000253/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bill-oreillys-culture-warrior/ |date=December 13, 2020 }},
''CBS News'',
December 5, 2006.
Retrieved March 27, 2020.</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = O'Reilly
| first = Bill
| author-link = Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)
| title = Culture Warrior
| publisher = [[Broadway Books]]
| location = New York
| date = September 2006
| isbn = 0-7679-2092-9}}</ref>

Historian [[Kristin Kobes Du Mez]] attributes the 1990s emergence of culture wars to the end of the [[Cold War]] in 1991. She writes that [[Evangelical Christians]] viewed a particular Christian masculine [[gender role]] as the only defense of America against the threat of [[communism]]. When this threat ended upon the close of the Cold War, Evangelical leaders transferred the perceived source of threat from foreign communism to domestic changes in gender roles and sexuality.<ref>{{cite news |last=Illing |first=Sean |date=July 9, 2020 |title=Is evangelical support for Trump a contradiction? |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2020/7/9/21291493/donald-trump-evangelical-christians-kristin-kobes-du-mez |work=Vox |access-date=July 9, 2020 |archive-date=June 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616155249/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2020/7/9/21291493/donald-trump-evangelical-christians-kristin-kobes-du-mez |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Patrickjbuchanan.JPG|thumb|left|180px|Pat Buchanan in 2008]]
During the [[1992 United States presidential election|1992 presidential election]], commentator [[Pat Buchanan]] mounted [[Pat Buchanan#1992 presidential primaries|a campaign]] for the [[1992 Republican Party presidential primaries|Republican nomination for president]] against incumbent [[George H. W. Bush]]. In a [[Prime time|prime]]-[[time slot]] at the [[1992 Republican National Convention]], Buchanan gave his speech on the culture war.<ref>{{cite web |quote=Not since Pat Buchanan's famous 'culture war' speech in 1992 has a major speaker at a national political convention spoken so hatefully, at such length, about the opposition. |title=Dogs of War |url=http://www.newdonkey.com/2004/09/dogs-of-war.html |url-status=usurped |publisher=New Donkey |date=September 2, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308043424/http://www.newdonkey.com/2004/09/dogs-of-war.html |archive-date=March 8, 2005 |access-date=August 29, 2006}}</ref> He argued: "There is a religious war going on in our country for the soul of America. It is a cultural war, as critical to the kind of nation we will one day be as was the Cold War itself."<ref name="1992-GOP">{{Cite speech |author-link=Patrick Buchanan |first=Patrick |last=Buchanan |title=1992 Republican National Convention Speech |date=August 17, 1992 |url=http://buchanan.org/blog/1992-republican-national-convention-speech-148 |access-date=November 3, 2014 |archive-date=December 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208185713/https://buchanan.org/blog/1992-republican-national-convention-speech-148 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to criticizing [[Environmental movement in the United States|environmentalists]] and [[Feminism in the United States|feminism]], he portrayed [[public morality]] as a [[defining issue]]:

<blockquote>The agenda [Bill] Clinton and [Hillary] Clinton would impose on America—abortion on demand, a [[Litmus test (politics)|litmus test]] for the Supreme Court, homosexual rights, discrimination against religious schools, women in combat units—that's change, all right. But it is not the kind of change America wants. It is not the kind of change America needs. And it is not the kind of change we can abide in a nation that we still call God's country.<ref name="1992-GOP" />
</blockquote>

A month later, Buchanan characterized the conflict as about power over society's definition of right and wrong. He named abortion, sexual orientation and popular culture as major fronts—and mentioned other controversies, including clashes over the [[Confederate flag]], Christmas, and taxpayer-funded art. He also said that the negative attention his "culture war" speech received was itself evidence of America's polarization.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://buchanan.org/blog/the-cultural-war-for-the-soul-of-america-149 |title=The Cultural War for the Soul of America |last=Buchanan |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Buchanan |access-date=March 6, 2015 |archive-date=March 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317033220/http://buchanan.org/blog/the-cultural-war-for-the-soul-of-america-149 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The culture war had significant impact on national politics in the 1990s.<ref name="Andrew Hartman 2015">Andrew Hartman, ''A War for the Soul of America: A History of the Culture Wars'' (University of Chicago Press, 2015)</ref> The rhetoric of the [[Christian Coalition of America]] may have weakened president George H. W. Bush's chances for re-election in 1992 and helped his successor, [[Bill Clinton]], win reelection in 1996.<ref name="Chávez 2010">{{cite book |last=Chávez |first=Karma R. |editor-last=Chapman |editor-first=Roger |title=Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints and Voices, Volume 1 |date=2010 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=Armonk, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-7656-1761-3 |page=88 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/culturewarsencyc0000unse/page/88/mode/1up?view=theater |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter=Christian Coalition}}</ref> On the other hand, the rhetoric of conservative cultural warriors helped Republicans gain control of Congress in 1994.<ref name="Benedic 2010">{{cite book |last1=Benedic |first1=Diane |last2=Rising |first2=George |editor-last=Chapman |editor-first=Roger |title=Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints and Voices, Volume 1 |date=2010 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=Armonk, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-7656-1761-3 |page=136 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/culturewarsencyc0000unse/page/136/mode/1up?view=theater |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter=Democratic Party}}</ref> The culture wars influenced the debate over [[State school|state-school]] history [[Curriculum|curricula]] in the United States in the 1990s. In particular, debates over the development of [[Standards-based education reform in the United States|national educational standards]] in 1994 revolved around whether the study of American history should be a "celebratory" or "critical" undertaking and involved such prominent public figures as [[Lynne Cheney]], [[Rush Limbaugh]], and historian [[Gary Nash]].<ref>{{google book |title=Who Owns History: Rethinking the Past in a Changing World |last=Foner |first=Eric |id=H3I-Z8KW5REC |location=New York |publisher=Hill & Wang |year=2002 |isbn=1-4299-2392-X}}</ref><ref>{{google book |title=History on Trial: Culture Wars and the Teaching of the Past |last1=Nash |first1=Gary B. |authorlink1=Gary B. Nash |last2=Crabtree |first2=Charlotte A. |last3=Dunn |first3=Ross E. |authorlink=Ross E. Dunn |id=iE1DzmHrh9EC |location=New York |publisher=Knopf |year=1997 |isbn=0-679-76750-9}}</ref>

====2001–2012: Post-9/11 era====
[[File:Bush War Budget 2003-crop.jpg|thumb|(from right to left) 43rd President [[George W. Bush]], [[Donald Rumsfeld]], and [[Paul Wolfowitz]] were prominent neoconservatives of the 2000s.]]
A political view called [[neoconservatism]] shifted the terms of the debate in the early 2000s. Neoconservatives differed from their opponents in that they interpreted problems facing the nation as [[moral issues]] rather than economic or political ones. For example, neoconservatives saw the decline of the traditional [[Family structure in the United States|family structure]] as well as the decline of religion in American society as [[Spiritual crisis|spiritual crises]] that required a spiritual response. Critics accused neoconservatives of [[Correlation does not imply causation|confusing cause and effect]].<ref>Zafirovski, Milan.  [https://books.google.com/books?id=UEl91MbLiO0C&pg=PA60 "Modern Free Society and Its Nemesis: Liberty Versus Conservatism in the New Millennium "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212171945/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEl91MbLiO0C&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=December 12, 2023 }} ''Google Books''.  6 September 2018.</ref>

During the 2000s, voting for Republicans began to correlate heavily with [[Traditionalist conservatism|traditionalist]] or [[Orthodoxy|orthodox]] religious belief across diverse religious sects. Voting for Democrats became more correlated with [[Religious liberalism|liberal]] or [[Modernism in the Catholic Church|modernist]] religious belief, and with being [[nonreligious]].<ref name="Dionne2006">Dionne, E.J., Jr. 
 [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/01/why-the-culture-war-is-the-wrong-war/304502/ "Why the Culture War Is the Wrong War."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213000333/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/01/why-the-culture-war-is-the-wrong-war/304502/ |date=December 13, 2020 }} ''The Atlantic''.  January/February 2006.  29 April 2019.</ref> [[Scientism|Belief in scientific]] conclusions, such as [[Climate change in the United States|climate change]], also became tightly coupled with political party affiliation in this era, causing climate scholar [[Andrew Hoffman]] to observe that [[Climate change in the United States|climate change]] had "become enmeshed in the so-called [[Global warming controversy|culture wars]]."<ref name="Hoffman2012"/>

[[File:Fresno - Prop 8 Rally.jpg|thumb|Rally for [[Proposition 8]], an item on the 2008 California ballot to ban same-sex marriage]]
Topics traditionally associated with culture war were not prominent in media coverage of the [[2008 United States elections|2008 election]] season, with the exception of coverage of vice-presidential candidate [[Sarah Palin]],<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=November 20, 2008 |title=How the News Media Covered Religion in the 2008 General Election: Sarah Palin and the "Culture Wars" |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/legacy/Religion_gen_election_FINAL-11-20_0.pdf |publisher=Pew Research |pages=8, 11–12 |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=October 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022094123/https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/legacy/Religion_gen_election_FINAL-11-20_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> who drew attention to her conservative religion and created a performative [[climate change denialism]] brand for herself.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hatzisavvidou |first1=Sophia |date=September 17, 2019 |title='The climate has always been changing': Sarah Palin, climate change denialism, and American conservatism |journal=Celebrity Studies |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=371–388 |doi=10.1080/19392397.2019.1667251 |s2cid=204377874 |url=https://purehost.bath.ac.uk/ws/files/198548337/The_Climate_Has_Always_Been_Changing_with_author_details.pdf |access-date=January 24, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306084450/https://purehost.bath.ac.uk/ws/files/198548337/The_Climate_Has_Always_Been_Changing_with_author_details.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Palin's defeat in the election and subsequent resignation as governor of Alaska caused the [[Center for American Progress]] to predict "the coming end of the culture wars," which they attributed to demographic change, particularly high rates of acceptance of [[same-sex marriage]] among [[millennials]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2009/07/15/6454/the-coming-end-of-the-culture-wars/ |title=The Coming End of the Culture Wars |last=Teixeira |first=Ruy |date=July 15, 2009 |website=Center for American Progress |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=December 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209141022/https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2009/07/15/6454/the-coming-end-of-the-culture-wars/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====2012–present: Broadening of the culture war====
{{See also|List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests|List of changes made due to the George Floyd protests|List of name changes due to the George Floyd protests}}
[[File:JEB Stuart Monument 2020-05-31.jpg|thumb|The [[J. E. B. Stuart Monument]], defaced during [[George Floyd protests in Richmond, Virginia|protests in Richmond, Virginia]], was removed on July 7, 2020.]]
In the early 2010s, the [[American right]] took issue with the perceived worldwide dominance of leftism in international politics and corporate activity, [[anti-nationalism]], and secular [[human rights]] policies and activism not based on [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic religious]] worldviews.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bob |first=Clifford |title=The Global Right Wing and the Clash of World Politics |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-521-19381-8 |location=New York |pages=i}}</ref> 

While traditional culture war issues, like abortion, continue to be a focal point,<ref>Smith, Karl.  [https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-05-21/abortion-debate-it-s-different-from-other-culture-wars "The Abortion Debate Is Not Part of the Culture Wars."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720175834/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-05-21/abortion-debate-it-s-different-from-other-culture-wars |date=July 20, 2019 }} ''Bloomberg''.</ref> the issues identified with the culture war broadened and intensified in the mid-late 2010s. [[Jonathan Haidt]], author of ''[[The Coddling of the American Mind]]'', identified a rise in [[cancel culture]] via [[social media]] among young progressives since 2012, which he believes had "transformative effects on university life and later on politics and culture throughout the English-speaking world," in what Haidt<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haidt |first1=Jonathan |title=Why the Past 10 Years of American Life Have Been Uniquely Stupid |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/05/social-media-democracy-trust-babel/629369/ |work=The Atlantic |date=11 April 2022 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-29 |archive-date=April 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410164044/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/05/social-media-democracy-trust-babel/629369/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and other commentators<ref name="Mirzaei 2019">{{Cite web |url=http://theconversation.com/where-woke-came-from-and-why-marketers-should-think-twice-before-jumping-on-the-social-activism-bandwagon-122713 |title=Where 'woke' came from and why marketers should think twice before jumping on the social activism bandwagon |first=Abas |last=Mirzaei |website=The Conversation |date=September 8, 2019 |access-date=April 10, 2023 |archive-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320231919/https://theconversation.com/where-woke-came-from-and-why-marketers-should-think-twice-before-jumping-on-the-social-activism-bandwagon-122713 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yglesias |first=Matthew |title=How Hillary Clinton unleashed the Great Awokening |url=https://www.slowboring.com/p/how-hillary-clinton-unleashed-the |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=www.slowboring.com |language=en |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328160348/https://www.slowboring.com/p/how-hillary-clinton-unleashed-the |url-status=live }}</ref> have called the "[[Great Awokening]]". Journalist [[Michael Grunwald]] says that "President [[Donald Trump]] has pioneered a new politics of perpetual culture war" and lists [[Black Lives Matter]], [[U.S. national anthem protests]], [[climate change]], education policy, healthcare policy including [[Obamacare]], and infrastructure policy as culture war issues in 2018.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Grunwald |first=Michael |date=November 2018 |title=How Everything Became the Culture War |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/11/02/culture-war-liberals-conservatives-trump-2018-222095 |magazine=Politico |access-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524050840/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/11/02/culture-war-liberals-conservatives-trump-2018-222095 |url-status=live }}</ref> The rights of [[transgender]] people and the role of religion in lawmaking were identified as "new fronts in the culture war" by political scientist Jeremiah Castle, as the polarization of public opinion on these two topics resembles that of previous culture war issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Castle |first1=Jeremiah |date=December 14, 2018 |title=New Fronts in the Culture Wars? Religion, Partisanship, and Polarization on Religious Liberty and Transgender Rights in the United States |journal=American Politics Research |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=650–679 |doi=10.1177/1532673X18818169|s2cid=220207260 }}</ref> In 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], North Dakota governor [[Doug Burgum]] described [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States#Attitudes|opposition to wearing face masks]] as a "senseless" culture war issue that jeopardizes human safety.<ref>{{cite news |last=Blake |first=Aaron |date=May 23, 2020 |title=GOP governor offers emotional plea to the anti-mask crowd: Stop this senseless culture war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/05/23/doug-burgum-masks/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524005046/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/05/23/doug-burgum-masks/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| total_width       = 350
| image1            = Anti-abortion protest, 1986.jpg
| image2            = Drag Queen Story Hour Protest - 52452239331.png
| perrow            = 2/2/2
| image3            = Save our children hashtag (cropped) (cropped).png
| image4            = Chaya Raichik and MTG.jpg
| footer            = Clockwise from top left: [[anti-abortion movements|anti-abortion]] protesters in 1986; members of [[the Proud Boys]] protest a [[drag queen]] story hour; Representative [[Marjorie Taylor Greene]] of Georgia and [[Libs of TikTok]] creator [[Chaya Raichik]] hold up an anti-transgender sign; "Save Our Children" graffiti near downtown [[Lufkin, Texas]] in relation to the [[LGBT grooming conspiracy theory]].
}}

This broader understanding of culture war issues in the mid-late 2010s and 2020s is associated with a political strategy called "[[owning the libs]]." Conservative media figures employing this strategy emphasize and expand upon culture war issues with the goal of upsetting liberals. According to [[Nicole Hemmer]] of Columbia University, this strategy is a substitute for the cohesive conservative ideology that existed during the [[Cold War]]. It holds a conservative [[voting bloc]] together in the absence of shared policy preferences among the bloc's members.<ref>{{cite news |last=Peters |first=Jeremy W. |date=August 3, 2020 |title=These Conservatives Have a Laser Focus: 'Owning the Libs' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/03/us/politics/the-federalist-trump-liberals.html |work=New York Times |access-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803161740/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/03/us/politics/the-federalist-trump-liberals.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Charlottesville 'Unite the Right' Rally (35780274914) crop.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.25|The [[Unite the Right rally]] in [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville]], Virginia, in August 2017, an alt-right event regarded as a battle of the culture wars<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buffington |first=Melanie L. |date=January 1, 2017 |title=Contemporary Culture Wars: Challenging the Legacy of the Confederacy |url=https://jcrae.art.arizona.edu/index.php/jcrae/article/view/74 |journal=Journal of Cultural Research in Art Education |volume=34 |pages=45–59 |doi=10.2458/jcrae.4883 |s2cid=148760859 |issn=2152-7172 |access-date=May 24, 2020 |doi-access=free |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729022613/https://jcrae.art.arizona.edu/index.php/jcrae/article/view/74 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

A number of conflicts about diversity in popular culture occurring in the 2010s, such as the [[Gamergate controversy]], [[Comicsgate]] and the [[Sad Puppies]] science fiction voting campaign, were identified in the media as being examples of the culture war.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Hurley |first=Kameron |author-link=Kameron Hurley |date=April 9, 2015 |title=Hijacking the Hugo Awards Won't Stifle Diversity in Science Fiction |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/04/the-culture-wars-come-to-sci-fi/390012/ |magazine=The Atlantic |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=December 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205115606/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/04/the-culture-wars-come-to-sci-fi/390012/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Journalist [[Caitlin Dewey]] described Gamergate as a "[[proxy war]]" for a larger culture war between those who want greater inclusion of women and minorities in cultural institutions versus anti-feminists and traditionalists who do not.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dewey |first=Caitlin |date=October 14, 2014 |title=The only guide to Gamergate you will ever need to read |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/10/14/the-only-guide-to-gamergate-you-will-ever-need-to-read/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=June 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611104007/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/10/14/the-only-guide-to-gamergate-you-will-ever-need-to-read/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The perception that culture war conflict had been demoted from electoral politics to popular culture led writer Jack Meserve to call popular movies, games, and writing the "last front in the culture war" in 2015.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meserve |first1=Jack |date=Spring 2015 |title=Last Front in the Culture War |url=https://democracyjournal.org/magazine/36/last-front-in-the-culture-war/ |journal=Democracy: A Journal of Ideas |issue=36 |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817142610/https://democracyjournal.org/magazine/36/last-front-in-the-culture-war/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

These conflicts about representation in popular culture re-emerged into electoral politics via the [[alt-right]] and [[alt-lite]] movements.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nagle |first=Angela |author-link=Angela Nagle |date=June 30, 2017 |title=Kill All Normies: Online Culture Wars From 4Chan And Tumblr To Trump And The Alt-Right |publisher=Zero Books |isbn=9781785355431}}</ref> According to media scholar Whitney Phillips, Gamergate "prototyped" strategies of harassment and controversy-stoking that proved useful in political strategy. For example, Republican political strategist [[Steve Bannon]] publicized pop-culture conflicts during the 2016 presidential campaign of [[Donald Trump]], encouraging a young audience to "come in through Gamergate or whatever and then get turned onto politics and Trump."<ref>{{cite news |last=Warzel |first=Charlie |date=August 15, 2019 |title=How an Online Mob Created a Playbook for a Culture War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/15/opinion/what-is-gamergate.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-date=July 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702142826/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/15/opinion/what-is-gamergate.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Canada===
{{Main|Political culture of Canada|Monuments and memorials in Canada removed in 2020–2022}}
Some observers in [[Canada]] have used the term "culture war" to refer to differing values between [[Western Canada|Western]] versus [[Eastern Canada]], [[List of the largest population centres in Canada|urban]] versus [[rural Canada]], as well as [[Conservatism in Canada|conservatism]] versus [[Liberalism in Canada|liberalism]] and [[Progressivism in Canada|progressivism]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Gerald |last=Caplan |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/second-reading/culture-clash-splits-canadians-over-basic-values/article4626123/ |location=Toronto |work=The Globe and Mail |title=Culture clash splits Canadians over basic values |date=October 20, 2012 |access-date=August 26, 2017 |archive-date=April 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425034511/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/second-reading/culture-clash-splits-canadians-over-basic-values/article4626123/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The phrase has also been used to describe the [[Premiership of Stephen Harper|Harper government]]'s attitude towards the [[Art in Canada|arts community]]. [[Andrew Coyne]] termed this negative policy towards the arts community as "[[class warfare]]."<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.macleans.ca/general/this-isnt-a-culture-war-its-a-good-old-class-war/ |title= Coyne: This isn't a culture war, it's a good old class war |author= Andrew Coyne |date= October 2, 2008 |work= Macleans |access-date= March 6, 2015 |archive-date= July 7, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180707173947/https://www.macleans.ca/general/this-isnt-a-culture-war-its-a-good-old-class-war/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

===Australia===
{{also|Australian history wars}}
During the tenure of the [[Coalition (Australia)|Liberal–National Coalition]] government of 1996 to 2007, interpretations of [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] history became a part of a wider political debate regarding Australian national pride and symbolism occasionally called the "[[Australian history wars|culture wars]]", more often the "history wars".<ref name="Manne11/08">{{cite news |url= https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2008/november/1277253191/robert-manne/what-rudd-s-agenda |last= Manne |first= Robert |author-link= Robert Manne |title= What is Rudd's Agenda? |work= [[The Monthly]] |date= November 2008 |access-date= March 15, 2016 |archive-date= March 16, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160316231605/https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2008/november/1277253191/robert-manne/what-rudd-s-agenda |url-status= live }}</ref> This debate extended into [[#Australia|a controversy]] over the presentation of history in the [[National Museum of Australia]] and in [[Education in Australia|high-school]] history curricula.<ref>{{cite web |last= Rundle |first= Guy |url= http://www.crikey.com.au/2007/06/28/1915-and-all-that-history-in-a-holding-pattern/ |title= 1915 and all that: History in a holding pattern |work= Crikey |date= June 28, 2007 |access-date= April 27, 2010 |archive-date= July 6, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100706040803/http://www.crikey.com.au/2007/06/28/1915-and-all-that-history-in-a-holding-pattern/ |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Ferrari |first= Justine<!--Education writer--> |url= http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24492542-13881,00.html |title= History curriculum author defies his critics to find bias |work= The Australian |date= October 14, 2008 |access-date= April 27, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091006084757/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24492542-13881,00.html |archive-date= October 6, 2009 |url-status= dead }}</ref> It also migrated into the general Australian media, with major broadsheets such as ''[[The Australian]]'', ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' and ''[[The Age]]'' regularly publishing opinion pieces on the topic. [[Marcia Langton]] has referred to much of this wider debate as "war porn"<ref>Baudrillard J. War porn. ''Journal of Visual Culture'', Vol. 5, No. 1, 86–88 (2006) {{doi| 10.1177/147041290600500107}}</ref> and as an "intellectual dead end".<ref name=Langton>Langton M. Essay: [https://www.griffithreview.com/articles/trapped-in-the-aboriginal-reality-show/ "Trapped in the aboriginal reality show"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724191527/https://www.griffithreview.com/articles/trapped-in-the-aboriginal-reality-show/ |date=July 24, 2020 }}. ''Griffith Review 2007'', 19:Re-imagining Australia.</ref>

Two Australian Prime Ministers, [[Paul Keating]] (in office 1991–1996) and [[John Howard]] (in office 1996–2007), became major participants in the "wars". According to [[Mark McKenna (historian)|Mark McKenna's]] analysis for the Australian Parliamentary Library,<ref name=McKenna>{{cite web |url= http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/RP9798/98RP05 |title= Different Perspectives on Black Armband History |author= Mark McKenna |series= Parliamentary Library: Research Paper 5 1997-98 |publisher= The Parliament of Australia |date= November 10, 1997 |access-date= March 5, 2015 |archive-date= February 19, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150219085809/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/RP9798/98RP05 |url-status= live }}</ref> Howard believed that Keating portrayed Australia pre-[[Gough Whitlam|Whitlam]] (PM 1972–1975) in an unduly negative light, while Keating sought to distance the modern [[Australian Labor Party|Labor movement]] from its historical support for the monarchy and for the [[White Australia policy]] by arguing that it was the conservative Australian parties which had been barriers to national progress. He accused Britain of having abandoned Australia during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. Keating staunchly supported a symbolic apology to [[Aboriginal Australians]] for their mistreatment at the hands of previous administrations, and outlined his view of the origins and potential solutions to contemporary Aboriginal disadvantage in his [[Redfern Park Speech]] of 10 December 1992 (drafted with the assistance of historian [[Don Watson]]). In 1999, following the release of the 1998 ''[[Bringing Them Home]]'' Report, Howard passed a parliamentary [[Motion of Reconciliation]] describing treatment of Aboriginal people as the "most blemished chapter" in Australian history, but refused to issue an official apology.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thinkingfaith.org/articles/20080221_1.htm |title= The History of Apologies Down Under &#124; Thinking Faith |publisher= thinkingfaith.org |date= February 21, 2008 |access-date= March 5, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141202000730/http://www.thinkingfaith.org/articles/20080221_1.htm |archive-date= December 2, 2014 }}</ref> Howard saw an apology as inappropriate as it would imply "intergeneration guilt", saying measures were a better response to contemporary Aboriginal disadvantage. Keating argued for the eradication of remaining symbols linked to colonial origins, including deference for [[ANZAC Day]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/a-nation-reborn-at-anzac-cove-utter-nonsense-keating-20081030-5enw.html|title=A nation reborn at Anzac Cove? Utter nonsense: Keating|first=Tony|last=Wright|date=October 30, 2008|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=April 24, 2018|archive-date=April 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424135601/https://www.smh.com.au/national/a-nation-reborn-at-anzac-cove-utter-nonsense-keating-20081030-5enw.html|url-status=live}}</ref> for the [[Flag of Australia|Australian flag]], and for the [[monarchy in Australia]], while Howard supported these institutions. Unlike fellow Labor leaders and contemporaries, [[Bob Hawke]] (PM 1983–1991) and [[Kim Beazley]] (Labor Party leader 2005–2006), Keating never travelled to [[Gallipoli]] for ANZAC Day ceremonies. In 2008 he described those who gathered there as "misguided".<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.theage.com.au/national/a-nation-reborn-at-anzac-cove-utter-nonsense-keating-20081030-5enw.html |title= A nation reborn at Anzac Cove? Utter nonsense: Keating |work= The Age |date= October 31, 2008 |access-date= March 5, 2010 |location= Melbourne |first= Tony |last= Wright |archive-date= January 15, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100115185002/http://www.theage.com.au/national/a-nation-reborn-at-anzac-cove-utter-nonsense-keating-20081030-5enw.html? |url-status= live }}</ref> 

The defeat of the [[Howard government]] in the [[2007 Australian federal election]] and its replacement by the [[First Rudd Government|Rudd Labor government]] altered the dynamic of the debate. Rudd made an [[Apology to Australia's Indigenous peoples|official apology]] to the Aboriginal ''[[Stolen Generations]]''<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/australia.text/index.html |title= Full text of Australia's apology to Aborigines |publisher= [[CNN]] |date= February 12, 2008 |access-date= April 27, 2010 |archive-date= September 18, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090918004745/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/australia.text/index.html |url-status= live }}</ref> with bi-partisan support.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/brendan-nelsons-sorry-speech/2008/02/13/1202760366050.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1 |title= Brendan Nelson's sorry speech |work= The Sydney Morning Herald |date= February 13, 2008 |access-date= April 27, 2010 |archive-date= March 15, 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080315183621/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/brendan-nelsons-sorry-speech/2008/02/13/1202760366050.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1 |url-status= live }}</ref> Like Keating, Rudd supported an Australian republic, but in contrast to Keating, Rudd declared support for the Australian flag and supported the commemoration of ANZAC Day; he also expressed admiration for Liberal Party founder [[Robert Menzies]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/keating-utterly-wrong-on-gallipoli-pm/story-0-1111117908459 |title= Paul Keating 'utterly wrong' to reject Gallipoli identity, says Kevin Rudd |date= October 31, 2008 |access-date= February 19, 2015 |archive-date= September 12, 2012 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120912154538/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/keating-utterly-wrong-on-gallipoli-pm/story-0-1111117908459 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.smh.com.au/news/opinion/is-rudd-having-a-bob-each-way/2007/04/12/1175971263000.html |title= Is Rudd having a Bob each way? - Opinion |work= The Sydney Morning Herald |date= October 28, 2004 |access-date= April 27, 2010 |archive-date= June 5, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110605031126/http://www.smh.com.au/news/opinion/is-rudd-having-a-bob-each-way/2007/04/12/1175971263000.html |url-status= live }}</ref> Subsequent to the 2007 change of government, and prior to the passage of the official apology, historian Richard Nile argued: "the culture and history wars are over and with them should also go the adversarial nature of intellectual debate",<ref>{{cite news |url= http://blogs.theaustralian.news.com.au/richardnile/index.php/theaustralian/comments/end_of_the_culture_wars |title= End of the culture wars |publisher= [[The Australian]] |date= November 28, 2007 |access-date= April 27, 2010 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100309215605/http://blogs.theaustralian.news.com.au/richardnile/index.php/theaustralian/comments/end_of_the_culture_wars/ |archive-date= March 9, 2010 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> a view contested by others, including conservative commentator [[Janet Albrechtsen]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/orwellian-left-quick-to-unveil-totalitarian-heart/story-e6frg6n6-1111115088194 |title= Orwellian Left quick to unveil totalitarian heart |work= The Australian |date= December 12, 2007}}</ref> 

[[Climate change in Australia]] is also considered a [[List of climate change controversies|highly divisive or politically controversial topic]], to the point it is sometimes called a "culture war".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hornsey |first1=Matthew J. |last2=Chapman |first2=Cassandra M. |last3=Fielding |first3=Kelly S. |last4=Louis |first4=Winnifred R. |last5=Pearson |first5=Samuel |date=August 2022 |title=A political experiment may have extracted Australia from the climate wars |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-022-01431-4 |journal=Nature Climate Change |language=en |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=695–696 |doi=10.1038/s41558-022-01431-4 |bibcode=2022NatCC..12..695H |s2cid=251043448 |issn=1758-6798 |access-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922112127/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-022-01431-4 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The recent history of Australia's climate change wars |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/the-recent-history-of-australias-climate-change-wars/ss9nn2yd6 |first=Nick |last=Baker |date=23 January 2022 |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=SBS News |language=en |archive-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171152/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/the-recent-history-of-australias-climate-change-wars/ss9nn2yd6 |url-status=live }}</ref> 

Since the defeat of the [[2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum]], there has been a significant calls reignited from [[conservatism in Australia|conservative politicians and commentators]] to oppose or scale down [[Reconciliation in Australia| Indigenous Reconciliation]], viewing customs such as [[Welcome to Country]] ceremonies and placing the [[Australian Aboriginal flag| Aboriginal]] and [[Torres Strait Islander flag| Torres Strait Islander flags]] alongside the national flag as "divisive". <ref>{{cite web | title=Feeling unwelcome: Why debate is mounting over an ancient ceremony| first=Natassia |last= Chrysanthos | website=The Sydney Morning Herald | date=15 February 2025| url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/feeling-unwelcome-why-debate-is-mounting-over-an-ancient-ceremony-20250204-p5l9kn.html | access-date=15 February 2025 }}</ref>

===African continent===

According to political scientist Constance G. Anthony, American culture war perspectives on human sexuality were exported to Africa as a form of [[neocolonialism]]. In his view, this began during the [[HIV/AIDS in Africa|AIDS epidemic in Africa]], with the United States government first tying HIV/AIDS assistance money to evangelical leadership and the [[Christian right]] during the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]], then to LGBTQ tolerance during the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|administration]] of [[Barack Obama]]. This stoked a culture war that resulted in (among others) the [[Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014|''Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Act'']] of 2014.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Anthony |first=Constance G. |date=November 2018 |title=Schizophrenic Neocolonialism: Exporting the American Culture War on Sexuality to Africa |journal=International Studies Perspectives |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=289–304 |doi=10.1093/isp/eky004}}</ref>

Zambian scholar [[Kapya Kaoma]] notes that because "the demographic center of Christianity is shifting from the [[global North]] to the [[global South]]" Africa's influence on Christianity worldwide is increasing. American conservatives export their culture wars to Africa, Kaoma says, particularly when they realize they may be losing the battle back home. US Christians have framed their anti-LGBT initiatives in Africa as standing in opposition to a "Western [[gay agenda]]", a framing which Kaoma finds ironic.<ref>{{cite journal|last=van Klinken|first=Adriaan|date=2017|title=Culture Wars, Race, and Sexuality: A Nascent Pan-African LGBT-Affirming Christian Movement and the Future of Christianity|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/jafrireli.5.2.0217|journal=Journal of Africana Religions|volume=5|issue=2|pages=217–238|doi=10.5325/jafrireli.5.2.0217|jstor=10.5325/jafrireli.5.2.0217|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810082713/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/jafrireli.5.2.0217|archive-date=August 10, 2021|access-date=May 4, 2021|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

North American and European conspiracy theories have become widespread in [[West Africa]] via social media, according to 2021 survey by ''[[First Draft News]]''. [[COVID-19 misinformation]], [[New World Order (conspiracy theory)|New World Order]] conspiracy thinking, [[QAnon]] and other conspiracy theories associated with culture war topics are spread by American, Pro-Russian, French-language, and local [[disinformation]] websites and social media accounts, including prominent politicians in [[Nigeria]]. This has contributed to [[vaccine hesitancy]] in West Africa, with 60 percent of survey respondents saying they were unlikely to try to get vaccinated, and an erosion of trust in institutions in the region.<ref>{{cite report |first1=Carlotta |last1=Dotto |first2=Seb |last2=Cubbon |date=June 23, 2021 |title=Disinformation exports: How foreign anti-vaccine narratives reached West African communities online |url=https://firstdraftnews.org/long-form-article/foreign-anti-vaccine-disinformation-reaches-west-africa/ |publisher=First Draft News |access-date=June 23, 2021 |archive-date=June 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623070135/https://firstdraftnews.org/long-form-article/foreign-anti-vaccine-disinformation-reaches-west-africa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
{{See also|Actions against memorials in Great Britain during the George Floyd protests}}
[[File:Statue of Robert Milligan, West India Quay on 9 June 2020 - statue covered and with Black Lives Matter sign 03.jpg|thumb|upright|The ''[[statue of Robert Milligan]]'' on 9 June 2020, the day of its removal]]
A 2021 report from [[King's College London]] argued that many people's views on cultural issues in Britain had become tied up with the side of the [[Brexit]] debate with which they identify, while the public party-political identities, although not as strong, show similar alignments and that around half the country held relatively strong views on "culture war" issues such as debates on Britain's colonial history or Black Lives Matter; however, the report concluded Britain's cultural and political divide was not as stark as the Republican–Democratic divide in the US and that a sizeable section of the public can be categorised as having either moderate views or as being disengaged from social debates. It also found that ''[[The Guardian]]'', as opposed to the centre-right newspapers, was more likely to talk about the culture wars.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Duffy |first1=Bobby |last2=Hewlett |first2=Kirstie |last3=Murkin |first3=George |last4=Benson |first4=Rebecca |last5=Hesketh |first5=Rachel |last6=Page |first6=Ben |last7=Skinner |first7=Gideon |last8=Gottfried |first8=Glenn |date=June 2021 |title='Culture wars' in the UK |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/policy-institute/assets/culture-wars-in-the-uk.pdf |website=The Policy Institute at King's College London |access-date=November 2, 2023 |archive-date=November 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102135835/https://www.kcl.ac.uk/policy-institute/assets/culture-wars-in-the-uk.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] have been described as attempting to ignite culture wars in regard to "conservative values" under the tenure of Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]]. Others argue that it is the left who are engaging in "culture wars", particularly against liberal values, accepted words, and British institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/opinion/tories-culture-war-win-back-popular-support-670637|title=The Tories are spoiling for a culture war to stand up for 'British values'|last=Balls|first=Katy|date=29 September 2020|website=inews.co.uk|accessdate=8 February 2021|archive-date=May 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510021634/https://inews.co.uk/opinion/tories-culture-war-win-back-popular-support-670637|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/dec/20/tory-class-agenda-is-culture-war-stunt-that-will-leave-inequality-untouched|title=The Tory 'class agenda' is a culture war stunt that will leave inequality untouched|last=Malik|first=Kenan|date=20 December 2020|work=The Guardian|accessdate=8 February 2021|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208040554/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/dec/20/tory-class-agenda-is-culture-war-stunt-that-will-leave-inequality-untouched|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mason|first=Paul|date=10 February 2021|title=Boris Johnson's probe into left-wing "extremism" is a dangerous distraction from the fascist threat|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2021/02/boris-johnson-s-probe-left-wing-extremism-dangerous-distraction-fascist-threat|access-date=2021-02-18|website=New Statesman|language=en|quote=This is, at one level, part of the pre-scripted culture war being orchestrated by those around [Boris] Johnson.|archive-date=February 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122508/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2021/02/boris-johnson-s-probe-left-wing-extremism-dangerous-distraction-fascist-threat|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/trustees-pay-price-for-speaking-out|title=UK culture war: museum trustees are paying the price for disagreeing with government's policies|website=The Art Newspaper|date=June 7, 2021|access-date=June 7, 2021|archive-date=June 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607112437/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/trustees-pay-price-for-speaking-out|url-status=live}}</ref> Observers such as [[Johns Hopkins University]] professor [[Yascha Mounk]] and journalist and author [[Louise Perry]] have argued that the collapse in support for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] during the [[2019 United Kingdom general election]] came as a result of both a media-induced public perception and a deliberate strategy of Labour of pursuing messages and policy ideas based on cultural issues that resonated with more university educated grassroots activists on the left of the party but alienated Labour's traditional working class voters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/12/how-culture-killed-labour-party/603583/|title=How Labour Lost the Culture War|last=Mounk|first=Yascha|date=December 13, 2019|website=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=December 8, 2021|archive-date=December 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208213313/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/12/how-culture-killed-labour-party/603583/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/comment/2021/06/uk-immersed-class-culture-war-and-labour-incapable-winning-it|title=The UK is immersed in a class-culture war – and Labour is incapable of winning it|last=Perry|first=Louise|date=June 22, 2021|work=New Statesman|access-date=December 8, 2021|archive-date=December 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208213317/https://www.newstatesman.com/comment/2021/06/uk-immersed-class-culture-war-and-labour-incapable-winning-it|url-status=live}}</ref>

An April 2022 survey found evidence that Britons are less divided on "culture war" issues than has often been portrayed in the media. The greatest predictor of opinion was how people voted in the UK's referendum on membership of the European Union, [[Brexit]], yet even among those who voted Leave, 75% agreed "it is important to be attentive to issues of race and social justice". Similarly, even among Remainers and those who last voted for the Labour Party, there was moderately strong support for several socially conservative positions.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/may/01/four-in-five-people-in-the-uk-believe-in-being-woke-to-race-and-social-justice |title=Four in five people in the UK believe in being 'woke' to race and social justice |work=[[The Guardian]] |first=Michael |last=Savage |date=1 May 2022 |access-date=3 May 2022 |archive-date=May 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503201928/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/may/01/four-in-five-people-in-the-uk-believe-in-being-woke-to-race-and-social-justice |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name ="InCommon">{{cite web |url=https://ourglobalfuture.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/GF_TheCentreHolds_Report_10.pdf |title=The Centre Holds |work=Global Future |first1=Renie |last1=Anjeh |first2=Isabel |last2=Doraisamy |date=April 2022 |access-date=3 May 2022 |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129165934/https://ourglobalfuture.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/GF_TheCentreHolds_Report_10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Turkey===
{{Main article|White Turks|Black Turks}}
{{empty-section|date=December 2024}}

===Europe===
{{See also|"Polish death camp" controversy|Language policy in Ukraine|LGBT-free zone|Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Moldova}}

Several politicians, such as Poland's [[Law and Justice]] party,<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Rohac |first1=Dalibor |last2=Kokonos |first2=Lance |date=November 2, 2020 |title=Poland's Culture Wars |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/11/02/poland-hungary-culture-wars-abortion-russia/ |magazine=Foreign Policy |access-date=November 4, 2020 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407154316/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/11/02/poland-hungary-culture-wars-abortion-russia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hungary's [[Viktor Orbán]], Serbia's [[Aleksandar Vučić]], and Slovenia's [[Janez Janša]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Kakissis |first=Joanna |title=Slovenian Prime Minister Cheers Trump 'Triumph' Despite Untallied Votes |url=https://apps.npr.org/liveblogs/20201103-election/#slovenian-prime-minister-cheers-trump-328 |work=NPR |location=Athens, Greece |date=November 4, 2020 |access-date=November 4, 2020 |archive-date=November 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104000755/https://apps.npr.org/liveblogs/20201103-election/#slovenian-prime-minister-cheers-trump-328 |url-status=live }}</ref> have been accused of fomenting culture wars in their respective countries by encouraging dissent, resistance to LGBT rights, and restrictions on abortion. One facet of the controversy in Poland is the removal of [[Soviet War Memorials]], which is divisive because some Poles viewed the memorials positively as commemorations of their ancestors who died during [[World War II]], while others felt negatively due to the oppression that some Poles experienced under the Soviet-backed [[Polish People's Republic]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Poland plans to tear down hundreds of Soviet memorials |url=https://www.dw.com/en/poland-plans-to-tear-down-hundreds-of-soviet-memorials/a-19185159 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=13 April 2016 |access-date=October 31, 2021 |archive-date=March 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326170823/https://www.dw.com/en/poland-plans-to-tear-down-hundreds-of-soviet-memorials/a-19185159 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Then And Now: Soviet Monuments Disappear Across Poland |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/then-and-now-photos-show-soviet-monuments-disappearing-in-poland-after-decommunization-law/30905305.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=23 October 2020 |access-date=October 31, 2021 |archive-date=March 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330064935/https://www.rferl.org/a/then-and-now-photos-show-soviet-monuments-disappearing-in-poland-after-decommunization-law/30905305.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Culture war in Hungary is alleged by [[Kim Scheppele]] to be a disguise for [[democratic backsliding]] by Orbán.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Here's why American conservatives are heading to Hungary for a big conference |language=en |work=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/05/18/1099680587/a-prominent-conference-of-american-conservatives-is-taking-place-in-hungary |access-date=2022-05-19 |archive-date=May 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519173042/https://www.npr.org/2022/05/18/1099680587/a-prominent-conference-of-american-conservatives-is-taking-place-in-hungary |url-status=live }}</ref> Ukraine also experienced a decades-long culture war pitting the eastern, predominately Russian-speaking, regions against the western Ukrainian-speaking areas of the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine's Culture War |url=https://nationalinterest.org/commentary/ukraines-culture-war-9838 |work=The National Interest |date=7 February 2014 |access-date=October 31, 2021 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022235721/https://nationalinterest.org/commentary/ukraines-culture-war-9838 |url-status=live }}</ref> LGBT rights are controversial in Poland, as exemplified by President [[Andrzej Duda]]'s vow in 2020 to oppose both [[same-sex marriage]] and [[LGBT adoption]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Polish President Calls 'LGBT Ideology' More Harmful Than Communism|url=https://time.com/5853277/andrzej-duda-lgbt-ideology-communism/|access-date=2020-06-14|magazine=Time|language=en|archive-date=June 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613203428/https://time.com/5853277/andrzej-duda-lgbt-ideology-communism/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Polish election: Andrzej Duda says LGBT 'ideology' worse than communism |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53039864 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 June 2020 |access-date=October 31, 2021 |archive-date=October 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031095804/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53039864 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Different interpretations of bitter events during [[World War II]] have become especially contentious in Poland since 2015, shortly after the start of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].<ref name=carnegie>{{Cite web | url=https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/75029 | title=The Polish-Ukrainian Battle for the Past}}, Carnegie Europe</ref> One disputed issue is whether Poland bears any [[responsibility for the Holocaust|responsibility]] for [[The Holocaust in Poland|the Holocaust]], or whether Poland was entirely a victim of [[Nazi Germany]]. This dispute is embodied by the "[["Polish death camp" controversy|Polish death camp]]" controversy (involving [[concentration camp]]s that had been built by [[Nazi Germany]] during [[World War II]] on German-occupied Polish soil) and an attempt to address that controversy with a now [[Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance|partly repealed law]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hackmann |first1=Jörg |title=Defending the "Good Name" of the Polish Nation: Politics of History as a Battlefield in Poland, 2015–18 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=2018 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=587–606 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2018.1528742|s2cid=81922100 }}</ref> A second issue, also addressed by the partly repealed law, revolves around [[Poland–Ukraine relations]]. In the region, in passing a law to criminalize negative interpretations of the country's collaborationist nationalist movements during World War II, Poland is not alone,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Katz |first1=Dovid |title=Poland's New Holocaust Law Is Bad, But Not the Worst |url=https://jewishcurrents.org/poland-s-new-holocaust-is-bad-but-not-the-worst/ |access-date=26 October 2020 |work=Jewish Currents |date=25 April 2018}}</ref> and [[Poland–Ukraine relations]] have suffered as a result of a [[Ukrainian decommunization laws|similar law]] in Ukraine that was criticized in Poland for deflecting blame away from the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] and their [[massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tvp.info/19594670/mowie-upa-odpowiada-za-ludobojstwo-polakow-ukraincy-scigajcie-mnie|title="Mówię: UPA odpowiada za ludobójstwo Polaków. Ukraińcy, ścigajcie mnie!"|access-date=2018-03-06|language=pl}}</ref>