Editing Cultural genocide (section)

=== Europe ===
* Historian Stephen Wheatcroft states that the Soviet peasantry was subject to cultural destruction during the creation of the "[[New Soviet man]]",<ref name=wheatcroft>The Complexity of the Kazakh Famine: Food Problems and Faulty Perceptions Stephen G. Wheatcroft</ref> Lynne Viola makes a similar characterization of [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union]] adding a noted colonial character to the project in their observation of the event.<ref name="collectivizationstruggle">{{cite book |last1=Viola |first1=Lynne |title=The Collectivization of Agriculture in Communist Eastern Europe:Comparison and Entanglements |date=2014 |publisher=[[Central European University Press]] |isbn=978-963-386-048-9 |chapter=Collectivization in the Soviet Union: Specificities and Modalities |pages=49–69}}</ref> 
* During the [[Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush|genocide of the Chechens and Ingush]] in 1944, Soviet forces destroyed almost every piece of Chechen and Ingush language literature in existence, and damaged or destroyed many Chechen and Ingush cultural sites and artifacts, including [[Ingush towers|towers in the highlands]] that had been built to resist [[Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi|Mongol invasions in the 13th century]]. Chechens and Ingush gravestones were destroyed, and when the Chechens and Ingush were allowed to return to their homes a decade later, they were forbidden from settling in their ancestral mountain lands.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2019 |title=The Massive Deportation of the Chechen People: How and why Chechens were Deported {{!}} Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance - Réseau de recherche |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/massive-deportation-chechen-people-how-and-why-chechens-were-deported.html |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=[[SciencesPo]] |language=fr |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=WAOP |date=14 April 2023 |title=Deportation of Chechens and Ingush in 1944. |url=https://deportation.org.ua/deportation-of-chechens-and-ingush-in-1944/ |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=WAOP? |language=en-US |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sultanov |first1=Akhmed |last2=Yelkhoyev |first2=Lecha |last3=Bigg |first3=Claire |date=22 February 2014 |title='There Was No Water, No Food' -- Chechens Remember Horror Of 1944 Deportations |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/chechen-deportation-1944-survivors/25273614.html |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> 
* In reference to the [[Axis powers]] (primarily, [[Nazi Germany]])'s policies towards some nations during [[World War II]] (ex. the [[History of Poland (1939–1945)|German occupation of Poland]] & [[Polish culture during World War II|the destruction of Polish culture]]).<ref name="AutoCK-5"/><ref name="AutoCK-9"/>
* [[Wehrmacht|Nazi forces]] committed cultural genocide against [[Culture of Serbia|Serbian cultural treasures]] during the [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|Invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941]]. On [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler's]] direct order, the [[National Library of Serbia|National Library in Belgrade]] was bombed and thousands of valuable documents were burned. Many other cultural institutions and monuments were looted.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kakvo neobično blago, osim knjiga, čuva Narodna biblioteka Srbije |url=https://www.rts.rs/lat/magazin/kultura/nesto-drugo/4417514/kakvo-neobicno-blago-osim-knjiga-cuva-narodna-biblioteka-srbije.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=РТС |language=sr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mesta zločina - mesta pomirenja: Narodna biblioteka Srbije – DW – 9. 5. 2020. |url=https://www.dw.com/sr/mesta-zlo%C4%8Dina-mesta-pomirenja-narodna-biblioteka-srbije/a-53377573 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=dw.com |language=sr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanjug |date=2022-04-06 |title=Obnavlja se mesto gde se desila najveća tragedija srpske kulture |url=https://nova.rs/kultura/obnavlja-se-mesto-gde-se-desila-najveca-tragedija-srpske-kulture/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=NOVA portal |language=sr-RS}}</ref>
* In the [[Bosnian War]] during the [[Siege of Sarajevo]], cultural genocide was committed by Bosnian Serb forces. The [[National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] was specifically targeted and besieged by cannons positioned all around the city. The National Library was completely destroyed in the fire, along with 80 per cent of its contents. Some 3 million books were destroyed, along with hundreds of original documents from the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian monarchy]].<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |title=Burned library symbolizes multiethnic Sarajevo |date=25 August 2012 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/burned-library-symbolizes-multiethnic-sarajevo/a-16192965 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
* [[2004 unrest in Kosovo#Destroyed churches|2004 unrest in Kosovo]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=J̌овић |first=Саво Б. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6YRAQAAIAAJ|title=Етничко чишћење и културни геноцид на Косову и Метохији: Сведочанства о страдању Српске православне цркве и српског народа од 1945. до 2005. год |date=2007 |publisher=Информативно-издавачка установа Српске православне цркве |isbn=978-86-7758-016-2 |language=sr}}</ref> In an urgent appeal,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://spc.rs/eng/appeal_extraordinary_session_expanded_convocation_holy_synod_bishops |title=Appeal from the extraordinary session of the Expanded Convocation of the Holy Synod of Serbian Orthodox Church |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219163501/http://spc.rs/eng/appeal_extraordinary_session_expanded_convocation_holy_synod_bishops}}</ref> issued on 18 March by the extraordinary session of the Expanded Convocation of the [[Holy Synod of the Serbian Orthodox Church|Holy Synod of Serbian Orthodox Church]] ({{abbr|SPC|Serbian Orthodox Church}}), it was reported that a number of Serbian churches and shrines in Kosovo had been damaged or destroyed by Albanian rioters. At least 30 sites were completely destroyed, more or less destroyed, or further destroyed (sites that had been previously damaged).<ref>{{cite web |author=ERP KiM Info |title=Dopunjeni i ispravljeni spisak uništenih i oštećenih pravoslavnih crkava i manastira na Kosovu u toku martovskog nasilja |language=bs |trans-title=Completed and corrected list of destroyed and damaged Orthodox churches and monasteries in Kosovo during the March violence |work=B92 Specijal |date=26 April 2004 |publisher=B92 |url=http://www.b92.net/specijal/kosovo2004/unistenecrkve.php |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
*After the [[Greek Civil War]], Greek authorities had conducted a cultural genocide upon [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Slavic Macedonians]] in Northern Greece through prohibition of communication in [[Slavic languages]], renaming of cities, towns and villages ([[Lerin]]/Лерин to [[Florina]] etc.), deportation of Slavic Macedonians, particularly women and children, as well as many other actions intended to marginalize and oppress the Slavic Macedonians residing in Northern Greece. While some of these actions had been motivated by political ideology, as many of the Slavic Macedonians had sided with the defeated communists, the majority of actions were committed to wipe out any traces of Slavic Macedonians or their culture in Northern Greece.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 May 1994 |title=Denying Ethnic Identity |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/1994/05/01/macedonians-greece |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2019 |title=Greece's invisible minority – the Macedonian Slavs |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-47258809 |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
*Turkey: Especially in the island of [[Imbros]]. The island was primarily inhabited by ethnic Greeks from antiquity until approximately the 1960s, when many were forced to flee due to a campaign of cultural genocide and discrimination enacted by the Turkish government.<ref name="Alexandris">Alexis Alexandris, "The Identity Issue of The Minorities in Greece And Turkey", in Hirschon, Renée (ed.), ''Crossing the Aegean: An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange Between Greece and Turkey'', Berghahn Books, 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8jJTge-_444C&pg=PA120 p. 120]</ref> Massive scale persecution against the local Greeks started in 1961, as part of the ''Eritme Programmi'' operation that aimed at the elimination of Greek education and the enforcement of economic, psychological pressure and violence. Under these conditions, the Turkish government approved the appropriation of >90% of the cultivated areas of the island and the settlement of additional 6,000 ethnic Turks from mainland Turkey.<ref>{{cite book |last=Limpitsioúni |first=Anthí G. |script-title=el:Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου |language=el |title=To plégma ton ellinotourkikón schéseon kai i ellinikí meionótita stin Tourkía, oi Éllines tis Konstantinoúpolis tis Ímvrou kai tis Tenédou |trans-title=The nexus of Greek-Turkish relations and the Greek minority in Turkey, the Greeks of Constantinople, Imbros and Tenedos |publisher=Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης |pages=98–99}}</ref><ref name="Ashgate Studies in Pilgrimage">{{cite book |last1=Eade |first1=John |last2=Katic |first2=Mario |title=Ashgate Studies in Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gBqrBAAAQBAJ&q=imvros%2Bdiscrimination&pg=PA37 |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |date=28 June 2014 |page=38 |isbn=978-1-4724-1592-9}}</ref> Finally, the island was also officially renamed by Turkey in 1970 to ''Gökçeada'' to finalize the removal of any remaining Greek influence. 
*[[Francoist Spain]]: the prohibition of the use of minority languages such as Catalan or [[Galician language|Galician]] in the public space, from schools to shops, public transport, or even in the streets, the banning of the use of Catalan or Galician birth names for children, the renaming of cities, streets and all toponyms from Catalan, Basque or Galician to [[Castilian Spanish|Castilian]]-Spanish, and the abolition of government and all cultural institutions in [[Catalonia]], [[Valencian Community|Valencia]] and the [[Balearic Islands]] as well as in [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]] and [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] with the goal of total cultural suppression and [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Catalunya sota el règim franquista |language=ca |trans-title=Catalonia under the Franco regime |last=Benet |first=Josep |date=1978 |publisher=Blume |isbn=84-7031-064-X |edition=1. reedició |location=Barcelona |oclc=4777662}}</ref> 
** [[John D. Hargreaves]] writes that "A policy of cultural genocide was implemented: the Catalan language and key symbols of Catalan independent identity and nationhood, such as the flag (the [[senyera]]), the national hymn ('[[Els Segadors]]') and the national dance (the [[sardana]]), were proscribed. Any sign of independence or opposition, in fact, was brutally suppressed. Catalan identity and consequently the Catalan nation were threatened with extinction."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Freedom for Catalonia?: Catalan nationalism, Spanish identity, and the Barcelona Olympic Games |last=Hargreaves |first=John E. |author-link=John D. Hargreaves |date=2000 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-58615-3|location=Cambridge |oclc=51028883}}</ref> 
** Although [[Josep Pla]] and other Catalan authors published books in Catalan in the 1950s, and even there were prizes of Catalan Literature during Francoism like the [[Premi Sant Jordi de novel·la]], editorial production in Catalan never recovered the peak levels it had reached before Spanish Civil War.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Benet |first=Josep |title=Cataluña bajo el régimen franquista |language=ca |trans-title=Catalonia under the Franco regime |date=1979 |publisher=Blume |isbn=84-7031-144-1 |edition=1. |location=Barcelona |oclc=7188603}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gremieditors.cat/historia-de-ledicio-a-catalunya/ |title=Història de l'edició a Catalunya |date=27 September 2017 |language=ca |trans-title=History of publishing in Catalonia |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> A prominent case of popularization of Catalan was [[Serrat|Joan Manuel Serrat]]: although he could compose Catalan songs and gained certain notoriety, he was not allowed to sing in Catalan in the Eurovision contest its [[La La La (Massiel song)|La, la, la]] theme, and was replaced by Spanish singer [[Massiel]], who won the [[Eurovision Song Contest|Eurovision]] contest.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vatmanidis |first1=Theo |title=Catalonia crisis in Eurovision – how Spain blocked Catalan from victory |url=https://eurovisionary.com/catalonia-crisis-eurovision-spain-blocked-catalan-victory/ |website=EuroVisionary |access-date=8 December 2023 |date=8 October 2017}}</ref> Overall, despite some tolerance as Franco's regime relaxed in the late 60s and early 70s, Catalan and the rest of minority languages of Spain were strictly banned from higher education, administration and all official endeavors, thus being in practice confined to the private sphere and domestic uses (see [[Language policies of Francoist Spain]]).
* During the 19th and early 20th centuries, some [[Education in Wales|schools in Wales]] adopted the [[Welsh Not]] policy to discourage students from speaking [[Welsh language|Welsh]] instead of English. Under this [[Language immersion#Types of learners|total immersion]] policy, students caught speaking Welsh were punished, most typically by having a lump of wood with the letters "WN" placed around their neck. Though the policy enjoyed widespread support among parents and the general public in Wales, some [[Welsh nationalism|Welsh nationalists]] have described it as an example of cultural genocide. Academic Martin Johnes noted that despite the Welsh Not not being an official state policy, instead coming down to actions taken by individual teachers, it nonetheless remains "a powerful symbol of the oppression of Welsh culture."<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Martin|last1=Johnes|title=History and the Making and Remaking of Wales|url=https://cronfa.swansea.ac.uk/Record/cronfa21049/Download/0021049-11052017134425.pdf|journal=History|date=2015|issn=1468-229X|pages=667–684|volume=100|issue=343|doi=10.1111/1468-229X.12141|access-date=5 November 2024|archive-date=26 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326202256/https://cronfa.swansea.ac.uk/Record/cronfa21049/Download/0021049-11052017134425.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[File:Irishin1871.jpg|thumb|Map showing the distribution of the Irish language in [[1871]]]] Numerous academics have argued [[Ireland]] was subject to cultural genocide under [[British rule in Ireland|British rule]], specifically focusing on attempts to suppress the [[Irish language]], the [[culture of Ireland]] and the [[Catholic Church in Ireland]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/cultural-genocide-the-broken-harp-identity-and-language-in-modern-ireland-by-tom%C3%A1s-mac-s%C3%ADom%C3%B3in-1.2299891 |title=Cultural genocide: The Broken Harp, Identity and Language in Modern Ireland, by Tomás Mac Síomóin |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/guardian-view-on-cultural-genocide/ |title=The Guardian view on{{nbsp}}... cultural genocide |website=[[openDemocracy]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> Academics [[Paul Bartrop]], [[Tomás Mac Síomóin]] and Christopher Murray claimed that attempts to suppress the [[Irish language]] by the [[Dublin Castle administration]] amounted to a cultural genocide, and scholar [[Hilary Carey]] argued that the [[penal transportation]] of [[Convicts in Australia|Irish convicts to Australia]] was also a cultural genocide.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGUUpRAP4CoC&pg=PA42 |title=Twentieth-Century Irish Drama: Mirror Up to Nation |first=Christopher |last=Murray |date=6 June 2019 |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-8156-0643-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUJaBAAAQBAJ&q=%22Cultural+genocide%22+ireland&pg=PT29 |title=Believing in Australia: A cultural history of religions |first=Hilary M. |last=Carey |date=1 July 1996 |publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]] |via=Google Books |isbn=978-1-74269-657-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Totten |first1=Samuel |author1-link=Samuel Totten |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C&pg=PA91 |title=Dictionary of Genocide |last2=Bartrop |first2=Paul Robert |author2-link=Paul Bartrop |last3=Jacobs |first3=Steven L. |date=6 June 2019 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-0-313-34642-2 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
*France's [[Language policy in France|policies]] (also known as ''[[Vergonha]]'', "shame," in [[Occitan language|Occitan]]) towards its various [[Languages of France|regional and minority languages]], referring to non-standard French as [[patois]], have been described as genocide by professor of Catalan [[philology]] at the [[University of the Balearic Islands]] [[:ca:Jaume Corbera i Pou|Jaume Corbera i Pou]] who argues,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Corbera |first1=Jaume |title=Le patois des vieux |url=https://www.dbalears.cat/opinio/opinio/2001/09/23/63269/le-patois-des-vieux.html |access-date=14 December 2021 |agency=Diari de Balears |date=23 September 2001 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
<blockquote>
When at the mid-19th century, primary school is made compulsory all across the State, it is also made clear that only French will be taught, and the teachers will severely punish any pupil speaking in ''patois''. The aim of the French educational system will consequently not be to dignify the pupils' natural humanity, developing their culture and teaching them to write their language, but rather to humiliate them and morally degrade them for the simple fact of being what tradition and their nature made them. The self-proclaimed country of the "human rights" will then ignore one of man's most fundamental rights, the right to be himself and speak the language of his nation. And with that attitude France, the "grande France" that calls itself the champion of liberty, will pass the 20th century, indifferent to the timid protest movements of the various linguistic communities it submitted and the literary prestige they may have given birth to.

[...]

France, that under [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]'s reign was seen here [in [[Catalonia]]] as the safe haven of freedom, has the miserable honour of being the [only] State of Europe—and probably the world – that succeeded best in the diabolical task of destroying its own ethnic and linguistic patrimony and moreover, of destroying human family bonds: many parents and children, or grandparents and grandchildren, have different languages, and the latter feel ashamed of the first because they speak a despicable ''patois'', and no element of the grandparents' culture has been transmitted to the younger generation, as if they were born out of a completely new world. This is the French State that has just entered the 21st century, a country where stone monuments and natural landscapes are preserved and respected, but where many centuries of popular creation expressed in different tongues are on the brink of extinction. The "gloire" and the "grandeur" built on a genocide. [[liberté, égalité, fraternité|No liberty, no equality, no fraternity]]: just cultural extermination, this is the real motto of the French Republic.</blockquote>

* [[Ukraine]]. As of February 29, 2024, according to the published data of the [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]], Denys Shmyhal, about 900 objects of national heritage were damaged or destroyed in the occupied zones of Ukraine, and more than 20 thousand [[cultural monuments]] are under occupation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=Шмигаль: Понад 20 тисяч пам'яток культури перебуває під російською окупацією |url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-culture/3833912-smigal-ponad-20-tisac-pamatok-kulturi-perebuvae-pid-rosijskou-okupacieu.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.ukrinform.ua |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultural Genocide Against Ukraine: How is Russia Looting Ukrainian Museums? |url=https://ukraineworld.org/en/videos/cultural-genocide |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=ukraineworld.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2024 |title="United for Justice. United for Heritage": Preserving Ukrainian Cultural Identity — EUAM Ukraine |url=https://www.euam-ukraine.eu/news/united-for-justice-united-for-heritage-preserving-ukrainian-cultural-identity/ |access-date=28 March 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>