Editing Cranberry (section)

==Cultivation==
{{more citations needed|section|date=February 2021}}
[[American Revolutionary War]] veteran [[Henry Hall (American)|Henry Hall]] first cultivated cranberries in the [[Cape Cod]] town of [[Dennis (CDP), Massachusetts|Dennis]] around 1816.<ref name="aps" /> In the 1820s, Hall was shipping cranberries to New York City and [[Boston]] from which shipments were also sent to Europe.<ref name="aps" /> In 1843, Eli Howes planted his own crop of cranberries on Cape Cod, using the "Howes" variety. In 1847, Cyrus Cahoon planted a crop of "Early Black" variety near Pleasant Lake, Harwich, Massachusetts.[[File:Cranberry farm.jpg|thumb|Cranberry farm]]
By 1900, {{Convert|21500|acre|ha|order=flip}} were under cultivation in the New England region.<ref name="aps" /> In 2021, the total output of cranberries harvested in the United States was {{convert|790|e6lb|t||abbr=off|order=flip|sp=us}}, with [[Wisconsin]] as the largest state producer (59% of total), followed by [[Massachusetts]], [[New Jersey]], and [[Oregon]].<ref name="yah">{{cite journal |author= Ben-Zvi, Y. |author2= Rodriguez-Saona, C. |year=2023 |title=Advances in cranberry insect pest management: A literature synthesis |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |volume=5 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2023.1006106|doi-access= free |bibcode= 2023FrAgr...506106B }}</ref><ref name="ers">{{cite web |date=24 November 2021 |title=Cranberry production in top-producing States to increase modestly in 2021 |url=https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/chart-gallery/gallery/chart-detail/?chartId=102649 |access-date=28 May 2022 |publisher=Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture}}</ref>
Cranberries have had two major breeding events.<ref name="yah" /> The first occurred in the 1920s, with aims to create a crop that was more insect-resistant, specifically to blunt-nosed leafhopper (''[[Limotettix]] vaccini''), the vector of cranberry false blossom disease. This resulted in cultivars such as "Stevens" and "Franklin". As such, cultivars like "Howes" tend to be more susceptible to insects than "Stevens".<ref name="yah" /> However, with the introduction of many broad-spectrum [[pesticides]] in the 1940s and 1950s, breeders eventually stopped breeding for pest resistance. Instead, beginning in the 1980s, cranberries were bred for high-yielding varieties, leading to cultivars such as "Crimson Queen" and "Mullica Queen".<ref name="yah" /> Many of these varieties were spearheaded and bred by Dr. Nicholi Vorsa of [[Rutgers University]].<ref name="nic">{{cite web |date=23 December 2024 |title=Rutgers Cranberries |url=https://research.rutgers.edu/agricultural-products/cranberries#varieties |access-date=23 December 2024 |publisher=Rutgers University Office of Research}}</ref> In more recent years, there have been [[Food Quality Protection Act|heavier restrictions on pesticides]] due to environmental safety concerns, leading to a greater emphasis on high yield, high resistance varieties.

=== Geography and bog method ===
[[File:Cranberrys beim Ernten.jpeg|thumb|right|Cranberry harvest]]

Historically, cranberry beds were constructed in wetlands. Today's cranberry beds are constructed in upland areas with a shallow water table. The topsoil is scraped off to form [[dyke (construction)|dykes]] around the bed perimeter. Clean sand is hauled in and spread to a depth of {{convert|10|to|20|cm|in|0|sp=us}}. The surface is [[laser level]]ed flat to provide even drainage. Beds are frequently drained with socked tile in addition to the perimeter ditch. In addition to making it possible to hold water, the dykes allow equipment to service the beds without driving on the vines. Irrigation equipment is installed in the bed to provide [[irrigation]] for vine growth and for spring and autumn frost protection.

A [[common misconception]] about cranberry production is that the beds remain flooded throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morales |first=Christina |date=17 November 2022 |title=How Jellied Cranberry Sauce Is Made |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/17/dining/canned-jellied-cranberry-sauce-thanksgiving.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117053845/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/17/dining/canned-jellied-cranberry-sauce-thanksgiving.html |archive-date=17 January 2024 |access-date=24 June 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hutton |first=Rachel |date=16 November 2023 |title=There's only one cranberry farm in Minnesota, and it's run by a 21-year-old woman and her brother |url=https://www.startribune.com/cranberry-harvest-minnesota-wisconsin-ocean-spray-forster/600320148/ |access-date=24 June 2024 |work=[[Star Tribune]]}}</ref> During the growing season cranberry beds are not flooded, but are irrigated regularly to maintain soil moisture. Beds are flooded in the autumn to facilitate harvest and again during the winter to protect against low temperatures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ag.umass.edu/cranberry/about/cranberry|title=The Cranberry|date=7 August 2015|website=Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment|access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref> In cold climates like Wisconsin, New England, and eastern Canada, the winter flood typically freezes into ice, while in warmer climates the water remains liquid. When ice forms on the beds, trucks can be driven onto the ice to spread a thin layer of sand to control pests and rejuvenate the vines. Sanding is done every three to five years.

=== Propagation ===
Cranberry vines are propagated by moving vines from an established bed. The vines are spread on the surface of the sand of the new bed and pushed into the sand with a blunt disk. The vines are watered frequently during the first few weeks until roots form and new shoots grow. Beds are given frequent, light application of nitrogen fertilizer during the first year.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Carolyn J. DeMoranville |author2=Hilary A. Sandler |author3=Frank L. Caruso |name-list-style=amp |title=Planting New Cranberry Beds: Recommendations and management |url=http://www.umass.edu/cranberry/downloads/Planting%20New%20Cranberry%20Beds.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529141004/http://www.umass.edu/cranberry/downloads/Planting%20New%20Cranberry%20Beds.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2010 |url-status=live |date=June 2001 |publisher=University of Massachusetts, Cranberry Experiment Station |access-date=5 May 2018}}</ref> The cost of renovating cranberry beds is estimated to be between {{convert |30000|and|50000 |$/acre|$/ha |abbr=off|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alternative 4 – Bog Renovation for Cranberry Growing |website=Town of Carlisle, Massachusetts |access-date=5 May 2018 |url=http://www.carlislema.gov/pages/carlislema_concomm/Alternatives%20for%20the%20Future%20of%20Carlisle%27s%20Cranberry%20Bog%202017/Reports%20on%20the%20Ten%20Alternatives/11%20-%20Alternative%204%20-%20Bog%20Renovation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506173614/http://www.carlislema.gov/pages/carlislema_concomm/Alternatives%20for%20the%20Future%20of%20Carlisle%27s%20Cranberry%20Bog%202017/Reports%20on%20the%20Ten%20Alternatives/11%20-%20Alternative%204%20-%20Bog%20Renovation.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Ripening and harvest ===
[[File:Child labor, cranberry bog, Burlington County, New Jersey, 8a10151.jpg|thumbnail|upright|[[Arthur Rothstein]], ''Child Labor, Cranberry Bog'', 1939. [[Brooklyn Museum]]]]
[[File:Harvesting cranberries 2.jpg|thumb|Cranberry harvest (wet-picking)]]
Cranberries are harvested in the fall when the fruit takes on its distinctive deep red color, and most ideally after the first frost.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Angier|first=Bradford|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetoedib00angi/page/66/mode/2up|title=Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants|publisher=Stackpole Books|year=1974|isbn=0-8117-0616-8|location=Harrisburg, PA|pages=66|oclc=799792|author-link=Bradford Angier}}</ref> This is usually in September through the first part of November. Berries that receive sun turn a deep red when fully ripe, while those that do not fully mature are a pale pink or white color. To harvest cranberries, the beds are flooded with {{convert|15|to|20|cm|in|sp=us|0}} of water above the vines. A harvester is driven through the beds to remove the fruit from the vines. For the past 50 years{{when|date=November 2023}}, water reel type harvesters have been used. Harvested cranberries float in the water and can be corralled into a corner of the bed and conveyed or pumped from the bed. From the farm, cranberries are taken to receiving stations where they are cleaned, sorted, and stored prior to packaging or processing. While cranberries are harvested when they take on their deep red color, they can also be harvested beforehand when they are still white, which is how white cranberry juice is made.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stonebridgefarmevents.com/wet-picking/|title=Wet Picking|website=Stone Bridge Farm|access-date=7 May 2019|archive-date=7 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507021146/https://stonebridgefarmevents.com/wet-picking/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yields are lower on beds harvested early and the early flooding tends to damage vines, but not severely. Vines can also be trained through dry picking to help avoid damage in subsequent harvests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.umass.edu/cranberry/pubs/bmp_fruit.html|title=Fresh Fruit Production BMP: Publications UMass Cranberry Station|website=www.umass.edu|access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref>

Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails higher labor costs and lower yield, but dry-picked berries are less bruised and can be sold as fresh fruit instead of having to be immediately frozen or processed. Originally performed with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines.

Cranberries for fresh market are stored in shallow bins or boxes with perforated or slatted bottoms, which deter decay by allowing air to circulate. Because harvest occurs in late autumn, cranberries for fresh market are frequently stored in thick walled barns without mechanical refrigeration. Temperatures are regulated by opening and closing vents in the barn as needed. Cranberries destined for processing are usually frozen in bulk containers shortly after arriving at a receiving station.

=== Diseases ===
{{main|List of Vaccinium diseases|label 1=List of ''Vaccinium'' diseases}}
Diseases of cranberry include:
*[[Cranberry fruit rot]]
*[[Cranberry root rot]]
*Cranberry false blossom disease, caused by a [[phytoplasma]] that is [[disease vector|vectored]] by the blunt-nosed leafhopper (''[[Limotettix]] vaccinii''), and prevents the plant from creating fertile flowers and thus berries.

=== Insect Pests ===
Probably due to the high phenolics and plant defenses, in addition to the harsh environments that cranberries are grown under (acid, sandy soils that get flooded every year), a majority of insect [[Pest (organism)|pests]] associated with cranberries are native to the cranberry's home range of North America. The top studied insect pests of cranberries include:<ref name="yah" />
*''[[Sparganothis sulfureana]]'' (Sparganothis fruitworm), a [[Tortricidae|leafrolling moth]] 
*''[[Acrobasis vaccinii]]'' (cranberry fruitworm), a [[snout moth]] 
*''[[Rhopobota naevana]]'' (blackheaded fireworm), a [[Tortricidae|leafrolling moth]] 
*''[[Choristoneura parallela]]'' (spotted fireworm), a [[Tortricidae|leafrolling moth]] 
All four of these top studied insect pests are direct pests, eating the berries.

Other well studied cranberry pests include:
*''[[Limotettix]] vaccinii'' (blunt-nosed leafhopper), a [[leafhopper]]
*''[[Lymantria dispar]]'' (spongy moth), an invasive [[Erebidae|moth]]
*''[[Dasineura]] oxycoccana'' (cranberry tipworm), a [[Cecidomyiidae|gall-forming midge]]
*''[[Chrysoteuchia topiarius]]'' (cranberry girdler), a [[Crambidae|snout moth]]
*''[[Anthonomus musculus]]'' (cranberry weevil), a [[Curculionidae|weevil]]
*''[[Systena frontalis]]'' (red-headed flea beetle), a [[Chrysomelidae|flea beetle]]
*''[[Otiorhynchus sulcatus]]'' (black vine weevil), an invasive [[Curculionidae|weevil]]
*''[[Anomala orientalis]]'' (oriental beetle), an invasive [[scarab beetle]]

As more and more pesticides become banned due to environmental concern, there are increased resurgences of secondary pests.<ref name="yah" />

=== Production ===
In 2022, world production of cranberry was 582,924 [[tonne]]s, with the United States and Canada together accounting for 99% of the total.<ref name="faostat">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title= Cranberry production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|year=2024|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref> [[Wisconsin]] (59% of US production) and [[Quebec]] (60% of Canadian production) are two of the largest producers of cranberries in the two countries.<ref name=ers/><ref name="payne">{{cite web |author1=Ronda Payne |title=Crazy for cranberries in Canada |url=https://www.fruitandveggie.com/crazy-for-cranberries-in-canada-20713/ |publisher=Fruit & Vegetable, Annex Business Media |access-date=28 May 2022 |date=2 July 2019}}</ref> Cranberries are also a major commercial crop in [[Massachusetts]], [[New Jersey]], [[Oregon]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]],<ref name="yah" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Cranberry cultivation |url=http://www.uscranberries.com/about-cranberries/cultivation/ |publisher=US Cranberries |access-date=18 October 2018 |date=2018}}</ref> as well as in the Canadian province of [[British Columbia]] (33% of Canadian production).<ref name=payne/>