Editing Counterterrorism (section)

=== Preemptive neutralization ===
Some countries see preemptive attacks as a legitimate strategy. This includes capturing, killing, or disabling suspected terrorists before they can mount an attack. Israel, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Russia have taken this approach, while Western European states generally do not.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

Another major method of preemptive neutralization is the [[interrogation]] of known or suspected terrorists to obtain information about specific plots, targets, the identity of other terrorists, whether or not the interrogation subjects himself is guilty of terrorist involvement. Sometimes more extreme methods are used to increase [[suggestibility]], such as [[sleep deprivation]] or drugs.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} Such methods may lead captives to offer false information in an attempt to stop the treatment, or due to the confusion caused by it.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} In 1978 the [[European Court of Human Rights]] ruled in the [[Ireland v. United Kingdom (1978)|Ireland v. United Kingdom]] case that [[five techniques|such methods]] amounted to a practice of [[inhuman or degrading treatment|inhuman and degrading treatment]], and that such practices were in breach of the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] Article 3 (art. 3).{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

==== Non-military ====
[[File:Transparent garbage bins at Central station.jpg|thumb|upright|Transparent [[Waste container|garbage bin]] installed at [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central Station]] in [[Sydney]], Australia. The bin's transparency allows police to easily examine its contents, discouraging the placement of bombs or weaponry inside.]]

The [[human security]] paradigm outlines a non-military approach that aims to address the enduring underlying inequalities which fuel terrorist activity. Causal factors need to be delineated and measures implemented which allow equal access to resources and [[sustainability]] for all people. Such activities empower citizens, providing "freedom from fear" and "freedom from want".{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

This can take many forms, including the provision of clean drinking water, education, vaccination programs, provision of food and shelter and protection from violence, military or otherwise. Successful human security campaigns have been characterized by the participation of a diverse group of actors, including governments, [[NGOs]], and citizens.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

[[Foreign internal defense]] programs provide outside expert assistance to a threatened government. FID can involve both non-military and military aspects of counterterrorism.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

A 2017 study found that "governance and civil society aid is effective in dampening domestic terrorism, but this effect is only present if the recipient country is not experiencing a civil conflict."<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Foreign Aid as a Counterterrorism Tool – Burcu Savun, Daniel C. Tirone|journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution |volume=62 |issue=8 |pages=1607–1635 |language=en |doi=10.1177/0022002717704952 |year=2018 |last1=Savun |first1=Burcu |last2=Tirone |first2=Daniel C. |s2cid=158017999}}</ref>
{{further|Violent extremism#Prevention of radicalization and deradicalization}}

==== Military ====
[[File:3RAR Afghanistan patrol Aug 08.jpg|thumb|[[Australian Army]] soldiers under the [[International Security Assistance Force]] interacting with a civilian in [[Tarinkot]], [[Afghanistan]] in 2008 during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]], part of the [[war on terror]]]]
Terrorism has often been used to justify [[military intervention]] in countries where terrorists are said to be based. Similar justifications were used for the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|U.S. invasion of Afghanistan]] and the [[Second Chechen War|second Russian invasion of Chechnya]].

Military intervention has not always been successful in stopping or preventing future terrorism, such as during the [[Malayan Emergency]], the [[Mau Mau uprising]], and most of the campaigns against the [[Irish Republican Army|IRA]] during the [[Irish Civil War]], the [[S-Plan]], the [[Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)|Border Campaign]], and [[the Troubles]] in Northern Ireland. Although military action can temporarily disrupt a terrorist group's operations temporarily, it sometimes does not end the threat completely.<ref>{{cite book
 | author = Pape, Robert A.
 | year = 2005
 | title = Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism
 | publisher = Random House
 | pages = 237–250
}}</ref>

Repression by the military in itself usually leads to short term victories, but tend to be unsuccessful in the long run (e.g., the French doctrine used in colonial [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochina]] and [[Algeria]]<ref name="Trinquier">{{cite web
 |url         = http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/trinquier/trinquier.asp
 |title       = Modern Warfare: A French View of Counterinsurgency
 |first       = Roger
 |last        = Trinquier
 |year        = 1961
 |quote       = 1964 English translation by Daniel Lee with an Introduction by Bernard B. Fall
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080112132017/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/trinquier/trinquier.asp
 |archive-date = January 12, 2008
 |df          = mdy-all
}}</ref>), particularly if it is not accompanied by other measures. However, new methods such as those taken in [[Iraq]] have yet to be seen as beneficial or ineffectual.<ref name="FM3-24">{{cite journal | publisher = US Department of the Army | first1 = John A. | last1 = Nagl | first2 = David H.| last2 = Petraeus | first3 = James F. | last3 =Amos |first4 = Sarah | last4 = Sewall
  | title = Field Manual 3–24 Counterinsurgency
  | quote = While military manuals rarely show individual authors, [[David Petraeus]] is widely described as establishing many of this volume's concepts.
  | date = December 2006
  | url = https://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3-24.pdf
  | access-date = February 3, 2008 }}</ref>