Editing Corporate haven (section)

===Financial impact===
{{see also|Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland#Effective tax rate (ETR)}}

It is difficult to calculate the financial effect of tax havens in general due to the obfuscation of financial data. Most estimates have wide ranges (see [[tax haven#Financial effect|financial effect of tax havens]]).  By focusing on "headline" vs. "effective" corporate tax rates, researchers have been able to more accurately estimate the annual financial tax losses (or "profits shifted"), due to corporate tax havens specifically. This is not easy, however.  As discussed above, havens are sensitive to discussions on "effective" corporate tax rates and obfuscate data that does not show the "headline" tax rate mirroring the "effective" tax rate.

Two academic groups have estimated the "effective" tax rates of corporate tax havens using very different approaches:
{{ordered list|type=lower-roman
| 2014 [[Bureau of Economic Analysis]] (or BEA) calculation applied to get the "effective" tax rates of U.S. corporates in the haven (per above {{slink||Denial of status}});<ref name="qzz"/> and
| 2018 [[Gabriel Zucman]] "The Missing Profits of Nations" analysis which uses national accounts data to estimate effective tax rates of all non-domestic corporates in the haven.<ref name="gabrielzucman"/>
}}

They are summarised in the following table (BVI and the Caymans counted as one), as listed in Zucman's analysis (from Appendix, table 2).<ref name="gabrielzucman"/>

{| style="font-size:100%;"
|-
| width="50%" align="left" |
|- valign="top"
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="width:120px;text-align:left" | Profits shifted<br/>(2015 $ bn)<ref name="gabrielzucman"/>
! style="width:180px;text-align:left" | Jurisdiction
! style="width:120x;text-align:left" | Headline rate<br/>(all firms)
! style="width:120px;text-align:left" | Effective rate<br/>(foreign firms)<ref name="gabrielzucman"/>
! style="width:120px;text-align:left" | BEA rate<br/>(U.S. firms)<ref name="qzz"/>
! style="width:250px;text-align:left" | Comment
|-
| 106 || align="left" | {{flag|Ireland}} || 12.5% || 4% || 2.2% || headline rate appears cosmetic
|-
| 97 || align="left" | Caribbean (ex. Bermuda)|| <3% || 2% || 1.2% || traditional tax haven, rates are negligible
|-
| 70 || align="left" | {{flag|Singapore}}  || 17% || 8% || - || headline rate appears cosmetic
|-
| 58 || align="left" | {{flag|Switzerland}} || 21% || 16% || 6.7% || - 
|-
| 57 || align="left" | {{flag|Netherlands}} || 25% || 10% || 3.4% || headline rate appears cosmetic
|-
| 47 || align="left" | {{flag|Luxembourg}}|| 29% || 3% || 2.4% || headline rate appears cosmetic
|-
| 42 || align="left" | {{flag|Puerto Rico}}|| 37.5% || 3% || - || -
|-
| 39 || align="left" | {{flag|Hong Kong}} || 18% || 18% || - || -
|-
| 24 || align="left" | {{flag|Bermuda}} || 0% || 0% || 0.4% || zero headline rate
|-
| 13 || align="left" | {{flag|Belgium}} || 25% || 19% || - || -
|-
| 12 || align="left" | {{flag|Malta}} || 35% || 5% || - || -
|}
|- valign="top"
|}

Zucman used this analysis to estimate that the annual financial impact of corporate tax havens was $250 billion in 2015.<ref name="zuc10"/>  This is beyond the upper limit of the OECD's 2017 range of $100–200 billion per annum for [[base erosion and profit shifting]] activities.<ref name="BEPS Background">{{cite web|title=BEPS Project Background Brief|url=http://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/background-brief-inclusive-framework-for-beps-implementation.pdf|quote=With a conservatively estimated annual revenue loss of USD 100 to 240 billion, the stakes are high for governments around the world.|publisher=OECD|date=January 2017|access-date=2018-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722073652/http://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/background-brief-inclusive-framework-for-beps-implementation.pdf|archive-date=2017-07-22|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[World Bank]], in its 2019 [[World Development Report]] on the future of work suggests<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2019|title=World Development Report 2019: The Changing Nature of Work|website=World Bank|access-date=2018-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930193143/http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2019|archive-date=2018-09-30|url-status=live}}</ref> that tax avoidance by large corporations limits the ability of governments to make vital human capital investments.