Editing Conservatism (section)

== Ideological variants ==
=== Authoritarian conservatism ===
{{main|Authoritarian conservatism}}
{{see also|Far-right politics|Ultraconservatism}}
Authoritarian conservatism refers to [[autocratic]] regimes that portray authority as absolute and unquestionable.{{sfn|Heywood|2017|p=72}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pinto |first1=António |last2=Kallis |first2=A. |title=Rethinking Fascism and Dictatorship in Europe |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-7190-2354-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=David |title=Illusions of Grandeur: Mosley, Fascism, and British Society, 1931-81 |publisher=Manchester University Press |page=218}}</ref> Authoritarian conservative movements show strong devotion towards religion, tradition, and culture while also expressing fervent nationalism akin to other far-right nationalist movements.{{sfn|Freeden|Sargent|Stears|2013|pp=294–297}}<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Kater |author-first=Michael H. |title=Never Sang for Hitler: The Life and Times of Lotte Lehmann, 1888–1976 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5XHEAxEEtgC |isbn=978-0521873925}}</ref> Examples of authoritarian conservative dictators include Marshal [[Philippe Pétain]] in France,<ref name=":10">{{cite book |author-last=Hoffmann |author-first=Stanley |chapter=The Vichy Circle of French Conservatives |title=Decline or Renewal? : France since 1930s |year=1974 |pages=3–25 |publisher=Viking |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdFnAAAAMAAJ |isbn=0670262358}}</ref> Regent [[Miklós Horthy]] in Hungary,<ref name=":8">{{cite book |author-last=Lojkó |author-first=Miklós |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-IOJWicco8C&pg=PA180 |title=Meddling in Middle Europe: Britain and the 'Lands Between, 1919–1925 |publisher=Central European University Press |year=2005 |page=180 |isbn=9637326235}}</ref> General [[Ioannis Metaxas]] in Greece,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sørensen |first1=Gert |title=International Fascism,1919-45 |last2=Mallett |first2=Robert |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=978-0714682624 |page=159}}</ref> King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander I]] in Yugoslavia,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Graham |first=Malbone W. |date=1929 |title=The "Dictatorship" in Yugoslavia |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400113097/type/journal_article |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=449–459 |doi=10.2307/1945227 |jstor=1945227}}</ref> Prime Minister [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] in Portugal,<ref>Howard J. Wiarda, Margaret MacLeish Mott. ''Catholic Roots and Democratic Flowers: Political Systems in Spain and Portugal.'' Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. p. 49</ref> Chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] in Austria,{{sfn|Bischof|2003|p=26}} ''Generalissimo'' [[Francisco Franco]] in Spain,<ref>Stanley G. Payne. ''Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977''. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. pp. 77–102.</ref> King [[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]] in Romania,<ref name=":11">{{cite book |author-last=Blamires |author-first=Cyprian |title=World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006 |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C |isbn=1576079406}}</ref> and Tsar [[Boris III of Bulgaria|Boris III]] in Bulgaria.<ref>{{cite book |title= King of Mercy: Boris III of Bulgaria, 1894–1943 |author-last=Pashanko |author-first=Dimitroff |year=1993 |page=243 |publisher=Wexford & Barrow |isbn=9781879593695 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYMvAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
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|image2 = Engelbert Dollfuss.png
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|footer = King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia]] and Chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] of Austria, authoritarian conservative dictators who were assassinated by fascist and Nazi political enemies
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Authoritarian conservative movements were prominent in the same era as [[fascism]], with which they sometimes clashed.{{sfn|Blinkhorn|1990|p=10}} Although both ideologies shared core values such as nationalism and had common enemies such as [[communism]], there was nonetheless a contrast between the traditionalist and elitist nature of authoritarian conservatism and the revolutionary and populist nature of fascism—thus it was common for authoritarian conservative regimes to suppress rising fascist and [[Nazism|Nazi]] movements.<ref name=":11" /> The hostility between the two ideologies is highlighted by the struggle for power in Austria, which was marked by the assassination of the ultra-Catholic dictator [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] by [[Austrian Nazism|Austrian Nazis]]. Likewise, [[Ustaše|Croatian fascists]] assassinated King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Tomasevich |first=Jozo |year=2001 |title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-3615-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC |pages=33–34}}</ref> In Romania, as the fascist [[Iron Guard]] was gaining popularity and [[Nazi Germany]] was making advances on the European political stage, King [[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]] ordered the execution of [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]] and other top-ranking Romanian fascists.<ref>Butnaru, Ion C., ''The Silent Holocaust: Romania and Its Jews'' (1992), Praeger/Greenwood: Westport, pp. 62–63</ref> The exiled German Emperor [[Wilhelm II]] was an enemy of [[Adolf Hitler]] and stated that Nazism made him ashamed to be a German for the first time in his life.<ref name=":7">{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Balfour |title=The Kaiser and his Times |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1964 |page=409}}</ref> The Catholic seminarian [[António de Oliveira Salazar]], who was Portugal's dictator for 40 years, denounced fascism and Nazism as a "pagan [[Caesarism]]" that did not recognize legal, religious, or moral limits.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Kay |author-first=Hugh |year=1970 |title=Salazar and Modern Portugal |publisher=Hawthorn Books |isbn= 0413267008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=62WXswEACAAJ |page=68}}</ref>

Political scientist [[Seymour Martin Lipset]] has examined the class basis of right-wing extremist politics in the 1920–1960 era. He reports:
{{blockquote|Conservative or rightist extremist movements have arisen at different periods in modern history, ranging from the [[Miklós Horthy|Horthyites]] in Hungary, the [[Christian Social Party (Austria)|Christian Social Party]] of Dollfuss in Austria, ''[[Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten|Der Stahlhelm]]'' and other nationalists in pre-Hitler Germany, and [[António de Oliveira Salazar|Salazar]] in Portugal, to the pre-1966 [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] movements and the monarchists in contemporary France and Italy. The right extremists are conservative, not revolutionary. They seek to change political institutions in order to preserve or restore cultural and economic ones, while [[Extremism of the centre|extremists of the centre]] [fascists/Nazis] and left [communists/anarchists] seek to use political means for cultural and social revolution. The ideal of the right extremist is not a [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] ruler, but a monarch, or a traditionalist who acts like one. Many such movements in Spain, Austria, Hungary, Germany, and Italy have been explicitly monarchist […] The supporters of these movements differ from those of the centrists, tending to be wealthier, and more religious, which is more important in terms of a potential for mass support.<ref>Seymour M. Lipset, "Social Stratification and 'Right-Wing Extremism{{' "}} ''British Journal of Sociology'' 10#4 (1959), pp. 346–382 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/587800 on-line] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422185441/https://www.jstor.org/stable/587800 |date=April 22, 2022 }}</ref>}}

[[Edmund Fawcett]] states that fascism is totalitarian, populist, and anti-[[Pluralism (political theory)|pluralist]], whereas authoritarian conservatism is somewhat pluralist but most of all elitist and anti-populist. He concludes: "The fascist is a nonconservative who takes [[anti-liberalism]] to extremes. The right-wing authoritarian is a conservative who takes fear of democracy to extremes."{{sfn|Fawcett|2020|p=263}}

During the [[Cold War]], right-wing military dictatorships were prominent in Latin America, with most nations being under military rule by the middle of the 1970s.{{sfn|Remmer|1989|p=10}} One example of this was General [[Augusto Pinochet]], who ruled over Chile from 1973 to 1990.{{sfn|Remmer|1989|pp=5–6}} According to [[Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn]], military dictatorships arise in democratic systems in order to stop leftist parties from becoming totalitarian.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=von Kuehnelt-Leddihn |first=Erik |date=April 1, 1968 |title=Latin America In Perspective |url=https://fee.org/articles/latin-america-in-perspective/ |website=Foundation for Economic Education}}</ref> The most recent instance occurred in Bolivia in 2024, when General [[Juan José Zúñiga]] staged a coup in order to overthrow the far-left president [[Luis Arce]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vock |first=Ido |title=Bolivia: Soldiers storm presidential palace in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c288eewr1wko  |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=BBC |date=June 27, 2024 |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627000701/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c288eewr1wko  |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 21st century, the authoritarian style of government experienced a worldwide renaissance with conservative statesmen such as President [[Vladimir Putin]] in Russia, President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] in Turkey, Prime Minister [[Viktor Orbán]] in Hungary, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in India, and President [[Donald Trump]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rachman |first1=Gideon |title=The Age of The Strongman |date=2022 |publisher=Vintage |isbn=9781847926418}}</ref>

=== Liberal conservatism ===
{{main|Liberal conservatism}}
{{Distinguish|Conservative liberalism}}
Liberal conservatism is a variant of conservatism that is strongly influenced by liberal stances.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGNRRwkZFysC&pg=PA109 |title=Analyzing Politics |last=Grigsby |first=Ellen |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-495-50112-1 |pages=108–109, 112, 347}}</ref> It incorporates the [[classical liberal]] view of minimal [[economic interventionism]], meaning that individuals should be free to participate in the market and generate wealth without government interference.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=McAnulla |first=Stuart |year=2006 |title=British Politics: A Critical Introduction |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-8264-6155-1 |page=71}}</ref> However, individuals cannot be thoroughly depended on to act responsibly in other spheres of life; therefore, liberal conservatives believe that a strong state is necessary to ensure law and order, and social institutions are needed to nurture a sense of [[duty]] and responsibility to the nation.<ref name=":2" /> Originally opposed to capitalism and the [[industrial revolution]],{{sfn|Giubilei|2019|p=21}}{{sfn|Nisbet|2002|pp=28–31}} the conservative ideology in many countries adopted [[economic liberalism]], especially in the United States where this ideology is known as [[fiscal conservatism]].<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last1=Ribuffo |first1=Leo P. |title=Twenty Suggestions for Studying the Right Now that Studying the Right Is Trendy |journal=Historically Speaking |date=January 14, 2011 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=6 |doi=10.1353/hsp.2011.0013 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/409734/summary#info_wrap}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B10JkvO82x8C&pg=PA109 |title=Correctional Organization and Management: Public Policy Challenges, Behavior, and Structure |first=Robert M. |last=Freeman |publisher=Elsevier |year=1999 |page=109 |isbn=978-0-7506-9897-9}}</ref>

=== National conservatism ===
{{main|National conservatism}}
[[File:Giorgia Meloni Official 2023.jpg|thumb|[[Giorgia Meloni]], leader of [[Brothers of Italy]], a national conservative party, the first female [[Prime Minister of Italy]], and president of the [[European Conservatives and Reformists Party]]]]
National conservatism prioritizes the defense of [[National identity|national]] and [[cultural identity]], often based on a theory of the [[family as a model for the state]].{{sfn|Heywood|2017|p=92}} National conservatism is oriented towards upholding national [[sovereignty]], which includes limited immigration and a strong national defense.{{sfn|Freeden|Sargent|Stears|2013|pp=465–469}} In Europe, national conservatives are usually [[Euroscepticism|eurosceptics]].{{sfn|Heywood|2017|p=90}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Public Administration |last=Mandal |first=V. C. |year=2007 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-784-8 |page=306 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Hs0xJORVIHwC}}</ref> Political philosopher [[Yoram Hazony]] has argued for national conservatism in his work ''[[The Virtue of Nationalism]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2018/10/01/in-defense-of-nations-book-review/ |title=In Defense of Nations |work=National Review |date=September 13, 2018 |access-date=October 29, 2018 |archive-date=June 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622004148/https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2018/10/01/in-defense-of-nations-book-review/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Paternalistic conservatism ===
{{main|Paternalistic conservatism}}
Paternalistic conservatism is a strand in conservatism which reflects the belief that societies exist and develop organically and that members within them have obligations towards each other.<ref>{{cite book |last=Heywood |first=Andrew |year=2013 |title=Politics |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-27244-7 |page=34}}</ref> There is particular emphasis on the paternalistic obligation ({{lang|fr|[[noblesse oblige]]}}) of those who are privileged and wealthy to the poorer parts of society, which is consistent with principles such as [[duty]], [[Organic unity|organicism]], and [[hierarchy]].{{sfn|Heywood|2017|pp=76–77}} Its proponents often stress the importance of a [[social safety net]] to deal with poverty, supporting limited [[redistribution of wealth]] along with government regulation of markets in the interests of both consumers and producers.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Dunleavy |author-first=Patrick |display-authors=etal |title=British Political Science: Fifty Years of Political Studies |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2000 |pages=107–108}}</ref>

{{One-nation conservatism}}
Paternalistic conservatism first arose as a distinct ideology in the [[United Kingdom]] under Prime Minister [[Benjamin Disraeli]]'s "[[One nation conservatism|One Nation]]" [[Toryism]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Robert Blake |title=Disraeli |edition=2 |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode |year=1967 |page=524 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JH_-3gcYzecC}}</ref> There have been a variety of one-nation conservative governments in the United Kingdom with exponents such as Prime Ministers Disraeli, [[Stanley Baldwin]], [[Neville Chamberlain]], [[Winston Churchill]], and [[Harold Macmillan]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Russel, Trevor |title=The Tory Party: Its Policies, Divisions and Future |publisher=Penguin |year=1978 |page=167}}</ref>

In 19th-century [[Germany]], Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]] adopted a set of social programs, known as [[State Socialism (Germany)|state socialism]], which included insurance for workers against sickness, accident, incapacity, and old age. The goal of this conservative state-building strategy was to make ordinary Germans, not just the [[Junker (Prussia)|Junker]] aristocracy, more loyal to state and [[German Emperor|Emperor]].{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica}} Chancellor [[Leo von Caprivi]] promoted a conservative agenda called the "New Course".<ref>John Alden Nichols. ''Germany after Bismarck, the Caprivi era, 1890–1894: Issue 5''. Harvard University Press, 1958. p. 260</ref>

=== Progressive conservatism ===
{{main|Progressive conservatism}}
In the United States, President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] has been identified as the main exponent of progressive conservatism. Roosevelt stated that he had "always believed that wise progressivism and wise conservatism go hand in hand".<ref name=":0" /> The [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] administration of President [[William Howard Taft]] was progressive conservative, and he described himself as a believer in progressive conservatism.<ref name=":0">Jonathan Lurie. William Howard Taft: The Travails of a Progressive Conservative. New York, New York, US: Cambridge University Press, 2012. p.196</ref> President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] also declared himself an advocate of progressive conservatism.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Bischof |editor-first=Günter |title=Eisenhower: A Centenary Assessment |page=98 |isbn=9780807119426 |year=1995 |publisher=LSU Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-GN_zwHe1wC}}</ref>

In [[Canada]], a variety of conservative governments have been part of the [[Red Tory]] tradition, with Canada's former major conservative party being named the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada]] from 1942 to 2003.<ref name="Hugh Segal 2011. pp. 113–148">Hugh Segal. The Right Balance. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: Douglas & McIntyre, 2011. pp. 113–148</ref> Prime Ministers [[Arthur Meighen]], [[R. B. Bennett]], [[John Diefenbaker]], [[Joe Clark]], [[Brian Mulroney]], and [[Kim Campbell]] led Red Tory federal governments.<ref name="Hugh Segal 2011. pp. 113–148"/>

=== Reactionary conservatism ===
{{main|Reactionary conservatism}}
{{Multiple image
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|image2 = Nicolás Gómez Dávila.jpg
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|footer = Italian esotericist [[Julius Evola]] and Colombian aphorist [[Nicolás Gómez Dávila]]—prominent reactionary critics of modernity
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Reactionary conservatism, also known as reactionism, opposes policies for the [[social transformation]] of society.<ref>{{cite book |title=The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought |edition=3 |year=1999 |page=729 |isbn=978-0-00-255871-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cthOAAAAMAAJ |last1=Bullock |first1=Alan |last2=Trombley |first2=Stephen |last3=Lawrie |first3=Alf |publisher=HarperCollins}}</ref> In popular usage, reactionism refers to a staunch [[traditionalist conservative]] political perspective of a person who supports the status quo and opposes social, political, and economic change.<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reactionary |title=reactionary |dictionary=Merriam-Webster |date=May 9, 2023}}</ref> Some adherents of conservatism, rather than opposing change, seek to return to the {{lang|la|[[status quo|status quo ante]]}} and tend to view the modern world in a negative light, especially concerning [[mass culture]] and [[secularism]], although different groups of reactionaries may choose different traditional values to revive.{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica}}{{sfn|McLean|McMillan|2009}}

Some political scientists, such as [[Corey Robin]], treat the words reactionary and conservative as synonyms.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robin |first=Corey |title=The Reactionary Mind: Conservatism from Edmund Burke to Donald Trump |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0190692001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YY0DwAAQBAJ |quote=This book is about the second half of the story, the demarche, and the political ideas – variously called conservative, reactionary, revanchist, counterrevolutionary – that grow out of and give rise to it.}}</ref> Others, such as [[Mark Lilla]], argue that reactionism and conservatism are distinct worldviews.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lilla |first=Mark |title=The Shipwrecked Mind: On Political Reaction |publisher=New York Review of Books |year=2016 |isbn=978-1590179024 |pages=xii |chapter=Introduction |quote=Reactionaries are not conservatives. This is the first thing to be understood about them. They are, in their way, just as radical as revolutionaries and just as firmly in the grip of historical imaginings.}}</ref> [[Francis Wilson (political scientist)|Francis Wilson]] defines conservatism as "a philosophy of social evolution, in which certain lasting values are defended within the framework of the tension of political conflict".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Francis |title=The Case for Conservatism |date=1951 |isbn=978-1412842341 |page=2 |publisher=Transaction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKG30tSqDr8C}}</ref>

Some reactionaries favor a return to the ''status quo ante'', the previous political state of society, which that person believes possessed positive characteristics absent from contemporary society. An early example of a powerful reactionary movement was [[German Romanticism]], which centred around concepts of organicism, [[medievalism]], and traditionalism against the forces of rationalism, secularism, and individualism that were unleashed in the [[French Revolution]].<ref name=":3">{{cite book |author1-last=Siegfried |author1-first=Heit |author2-last=Johnston |author2-first=Otto W. |chapter=German Romanticism: An Ideological Response to Napoleon |title=Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750–1850: Proceedings |year=1980 |volume=9 |pages=187–197}}</ref>

In political discourse, being a reactionary is generally regarded as negative; Peter King observed that it is "an unsought-for label, used as a torment rather than a badge of honor".<ref>{{cite book |author-last=King |author-first=Peter |title=Reaction: Against the Modern World |publisher=Andrews UK Limited |year=2012}}</ref> Despite this, the descriptor has been adopted by intellectuals such as Italian esoteric traditionalist [[Julius Evola]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferraresi |first=Franco |date=1987 |title=Julius Evola: Tradition, Reaction, and the Radical Right |journal=European Journal of Sociology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=107–151 |doi=10.1017/S0003975600005415}}</ref> Austrian monarchist [[Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=Credo of a Reactionary |author-last=Campbell |author-first=Francis Stuart |journal=The American Mercury}}</ref> Colombian [[political theology|political theologian]] [[Nicolás Gómez Dávila]], and American historian [[John Lukacs]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Confessions of an Original Sinner |isbn=9781890318123 |last1=Lukacs |first1=John |year=2000 |publisher=St. Augustine's Press}}</ref>

=== Religious conservatism {{anchor|Religious conservatism}} ===
{{see also|Christian right|Hindutva|Integralism|Islamism|Religious Zionism}}
Religious conservatism principally applies the teachings of particular religions to politics—sometimes by merely proclaiming the value of those teachings, at other times by having those teachings influence laws.<ref>Andersen, Margaret L., Taylor, Howard Francis. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LP9bIrZ9xacC&pg=PA469 ''Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205101215/https://books.google.com/books?id=LP9bIrZ9xacC&pg=PA469 |date=December 5, 2022 }} Cengage Learning, 4th Ed. (2005), pp. 469–470. {{ISBN|978-0-534-61716-5}}</ref> In most democracies, political conservatism seeks to uphold traditional family structures and social values. Religious conservatives typically oppose abortion, [[LGBT]] behavior (or, in certain cases, identity), drug use,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/rs/sanctity/chdrugsrev2.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020142532/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/rs/sanctity/chdrugsrev2.shtml |url-status=dead |title=So Christians do not approve of the taking of illegal drugs, including most recreational drugs, especially those which can alter the mind and make people incapable of praying or being alert to God. |archive-date=October 20, 2017}}</ref> and sexual activity outside of marriage. In some cases, conservative values are grounded in religious beliefs, and conservatives seek to increase the role of religion in public life.<ref>Petersen, David L. (2005). "Genesis and Family Values". ''Journal of Biblical Literature''. '''124''' (1).</ref>
{{Christian democracy sidebar}}
[[Christian democracy]] is a moderately conservative [[Centre-right politics|center-right]] ideology inspired by [[Christian ethics#Politics|Christian social teaching]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Caciagli |first1=Mario |title=The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought |last2=Robeck |first2=Cecil M |last3=Yong |first3=Amos |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |isbn=9781139053600 |pages=165–180 |chapter=Christian democracy |url=}}</ref> It originated as a reaction against the industrialization and urbanization associated with [[Laissez-faire|''laissez-faire''-capitalism]].<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Riff |author-first=Michael |title=Dictionary of Modern Political Ideologies |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1987 |isbn=0-7190-3289-X |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scxRAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> In post-war Europe, Christian-democratic parties dominated politics in several nations—the [[Christian Democratic and Flemish|Christian People's Party]] in Belgium, [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] and [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]] in Germany, [[Fine Gael]] and [[Fianna Fáil]] in Ireland, and [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]] in Italy.<ref name=":9">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/europeanchristia0000unse |title=European Christian Democracy: Historical Legacies and Comparative Perspectives |publisher=University of Notre Dame Press |year=2003 |editor-last=Kselman |editor-first=Thomas |editor-last2=Buttigieg |editor-first2=Thomas |page=122}}</ref> Many post-war Europeans saw Christian democracy as a moderate alternative to the extremes of right-wing nationalism and left-wing communism.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/conservativepoli0000unse/mode/2up |title=Conservative Politics in Western Europe |publisher=St. Martin's |year=1982 |editor-last=Layton-Henry |editor-first=Zig |isbn=9780312164188 |pages=131–133}}</ref> Christian-democratic parties were especially popular among European women, who often voted for these parties to a large extent due to their pro-family policies.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/christiandemocra0000unse_p1x7/mode/2up |title=Christian Democracy in Europe: A Comparative Perspective |publisher=Pinter Publishers |year=1994 |editor-last=Hanley |editor-first=David |isbn=9781855670860 |pages=56–57}}</ref>

=== Social conservatism ===
{{main|Social conservatism}}
[[File:Marche pour la vie 2012 - 6.jpg|thumb|A [[March for Life (Paris)|March for Life]] rally in [[Paris]] in 2012]]
Social conservatives believe that society is built upon a fragile network of relationships which need to be upheld through duty, traditional values, and established institutions; and that the government has a role in encouraging or enforcing traditional values or practices. A social conservative wants to preserve traditional morality and social [[mores]], often by opposing what they consider radical policies or [[social engineering (political science)|social engineering]].{{sfn|Heywood|2017|p=69}} Some social-conservative stances are the following:
* Support of a [[culture of life]] and opposition to the destruction of human life at any stage, including [[abortion]], [[embryonic stem cells]] research, and [[euthanasia]].
* Support of [[bioconservatism]] and opposition to both [[eugenics]] and [[transhumanism]].<ref>[http://www.utne.com/2005-01-01/TheNextDigitalDivide.aspx?page=2 The Next Digital Divide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606100135/http://www.utne.com/2005-01-01/TheNextDigitalDivide.aspx?page=2 |date=June 6, 2011 }} (utne article)</ref>
* Support of traditional [[family values]], viewing the [[nuclear family]] model as society's foundational unit.
* Support of a traditional definition of marriage as being one man and one woman, and opposition to expansion of [[civil marriage]] and [[child adoption]] to couples in [[same-sex relationship]]s.
* Support of [[public morality]] with prohibition of [[Prohibition (drugs)|drugs]] and [[prostitution]] and censorship of [[pornography]].
* Support of [[organized religion]] and opposition to [[atheism]] and [[secularism]], especially when militant.<ref name="MA1">{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VayGAAAAIAAJ&q=%22conservatism%22+%22militant+atheism%22 |magazine=The World & I |title=The World & I |quote=militant atheism was incompatible with conservatism |volume=1 |issue=5 |publisher=Washington Times Corp. |access-date=August 19, 2011 |year=1986}}</ref><ref name = "MA2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dgvDn9hoe0C&q=social%20conservatism%20militant%20atheism&pg=PA264 |title=The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right |quote=In addition, conservative Christians often endorsed far-right regimes as the lesser of two evils, especially when confronted with militant atheism in the USSR. |first1=Peter |last1=Davies |first2=Derek |last2=Lynch |publisher=Psychology |isbn=978-0-415-21494-0 |year=2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRrwirez3fQC&pg=PA57 |title=Religious America, Secular Europe?: A Theme and Variations |quote=If anything the reverse is true: moral conservatives continue to oppose secular liberals on a wide range of issues. |first1=Peter L. |last1=Berger |first2=Grace |last2=Davie |first3=Effie |last3=Fokas |publisher=Ashgate |access-date=August 19, 2011 |isbn=978-0-7546-6011-8 |year=2008}}</ref>

=== Traditionalist conservatism ===
{{main|Traditionalist conservatism}}
Traditionalist conservatism, also known as classical conservatism, emphasises the need for the principles of [[natural law]], transcendent moral order, [[tradition]], [[hierarchy]], [[Organicism#In politics and sociology|organicism]], [[agrarianism]], [[classicism]], and [[high culture]] as well as the intersecting spheres of [[loyalty]].{{sfn|Frohnen|2006|pp=870–875}} Some traditionalists have embraced the labels [[reactionary]] and [[counter-revolution]]ary, defying the stigma that has attached to these terms since the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. Having a hierarchical view of society, many traditionalist conservatives, including a few notable Americans such as [[Ralph Adams Cram]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Cram |first=Ralph Adams |title=Invitation to Monarchy |url=https://archive.org/details/invitation-to-monarchy-by-ralph-adams-cram |date=1936}}</ref> [[William S. Lind]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lind |first=William S. |title=The Prussian Monarchy Stuff |url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/lind/lind103.html |website=LewRockwell.com |publisher=Center for Libertarian Studies |year=2006}}</ref> and [[Charles A. Coulombe]],<ref>{{cite news |title=What's the Cure for Ailing Nations? More Kings and Queens, Monarchists Say |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/06/world/europe/monarchy-us-advantage.html |date=January 6, 2018 |author=Leslie Wayne}}</ref> defend the monarchical political structure as the most natural and beneficial social arrangement.