Editing Concrete (section)

===Industrial era===
[[File:Smeaton's Lighthouse00.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Smeaton's Tower]] in [[Devon]], England]]

Perhaps the greatest step forward in the modern use of concrete was [[Smeaton's Tower]], built by British engineer [[John Smeaton]] in [[Devon]], England, between 1756 and 1759. This third [[Eddystone Lighthouse]] pioneered the use of [[hydraulic lime]] in concrete, using pebbles and powdered brick as aggregate.<ref name=InterNACHI>{{cite web|title=the History of Concrete|url=http://www.nachi.org/history-of-concrete.htm|publisher=The International Association of Certified Home Inspectors (InterNACHI)|author=Nick Gromicko|author2=Kenton Shepard|name-list-style=amp|access-date=8 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115151648/http://www.nachi.org/history-of-concrete.htm|archive-date=15 January 2013}}</ref>

A method for producing [[Portland cement]] was developed in England and patented by [[Joseph Aspdin]] in 1824.<ref>{{cite web|last=Herring|first=Benjamin|title=The Secrets of Roman Concrete|url=http://www.romanconcrete.com/Article1Secrets.pdf|publisher=Romanconcrete.com|access-date=1 October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915054736/http://www.romanconcrete.com/Article1Secrets.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2012}}</ref> Aspdin chose the name for its similarity to [[Portland stone]], which was quarried on the [[Isle of Portland]] in [[Dorset]], England. His son [[William Aspdin|William]] continued developments into the 1840s, earning him recognition for the development of "modern" Portland cement.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Courland|first1=Robert|title=Concrete planet: the strange and fascinating story of the world's most common man-made material|date=2011|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=Amherst, NY|isbn=978-1-61614-481-4|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=qRcwAQAAQBAJ|page=190}}|access-date=28 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104111744/https://books.google.com/books?id=qRcwAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT190|archive-date=4 November 2015}}</ref>

[[Reinforced concrete]] was invented in 1849 by [[Joseph Monier]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of Concrete and Cement |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-concrete-and-cement-1991653 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en|date=9 April 2012 |access-date=2022-08-13}}</ref> and the first reinforced concrete house was built by François Coignet<ref name="britannia">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/124672/Francois-Coignet |title=Francois Coignet – French house builder |access-date=23 December 2016}}</ref> in 1853.
The first concrete reinforced bridge was designed and built by [[Joseph Monier]] in 1875.<ref>« Château de Chazelet » [archive], notice no PA00097319, base Mérimée, ministère français de la Culture.</ref>

[[Prestressed concrete]] and [[Prestressed concrete#Post-tensioned concrete|post-tensioned concrete]] were pioneered by [[Eugène Freyssinet]], a French  [[structural engineer|structural]] and [[civil engineer]]. Concrete components or structures are compressed by tendon cables during, or after, their fabrication in order to strengthen them against [[Tension (physics)|tensile]] forces developing when put in service. Freyssinet [[patent]]ed the technique on 2 October 1928.<ref name="Billington1985">{{cite book| last = Billington| first = David| title = The Tower and the Bridge| publisher = Princeton University Press| location = Princeton| year = 1985| isbn = 0-691-02393-X| url = https://archive.org/details/towerbridgenewar00bill}}</ref>