Editing Columbus, Ohio (section)

===19th century===
[[File:View of Columbus O. From Capitol University.png|thumb|View of the city from [[Capital University]] in 1854]]
After [[Ohio]] achieved statehood in 1803, political infighting among prominent Ohio leaders led to the state capital moving from [[Chillicothe, Ohio|Chillicothe]] to [[Zanesville, Ohio|Zanesville]] and back again. Desiring to settle on a location, the state legislature considered [[Franklinton (Columbus, Ohio)|Franklinton]], [[Dublin, Ohio|Dublin]], [[Worthington, Ohio|Worthington]] and [[Delaware, Ohio|Delaware]] before compromising on a plan to build a new city in the state's center, near major transportation routes, primarily rivers. As well, Franklinton landowners had donated two {{convert|10|acre|adj=on}} plots in an effort to convince the state to move its capital there.<ref name="attb">{{cite web|title=Statehouse|work=Ohio Statehouse|publisher=Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board|url=http://www.ohiostatehouse.org/about/capitol-square/statehouse|access-date=May 18, 2020|archive-date=May 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531203224/http://www.ohiostatehouse.org/about/capitol-square/statehouse|url-status=live}}</ref> The two spaces were set to become [[Capitol Square]], including for the [[Ohio Statehouse]] and the [[Ohio Penitentiary]]. Named in honor of [[Christopher Columbus]], the city was founded on February 14, 1812, on the "High Banks opposite Franklinton at the Forks of the Scioto most known as Wolf's Ridge."<ref>Lentz, pp. 41–43</ref> At the time, this area was a dense forestland, used only as a hunting ground.<ref>Moore, p. 122</ref>

The city was incorporated as a borough on February 10, 1816.<ref name="Manual">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0Y_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA7|title=Legislative Manual of the State of Ohio|first=Ohio General|last=Assembly|date=May 22, 1912|via=Google Books|access-date=May 11, 2020|archive-date=September 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920165816/https://books.google.com/books?id=p0Y_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA7|url-status=live}}</ref> Between 1816 and 1817, [[Jarvis W. Pike]] served as the first appointed mayor. Although the recent [[War of 1812]] had brought prosperity to the area, the subsequent recession and conflicting claims to the land threatened the new town's success. Early conditions were abysmal, with frequent bouts of fevers, attributed to [[malaria]] from the flooding rivers, and an outbreak of [[cholera]] in 1833. It led Columbus to create the Board of Health, now part of the [[Columbus Public Health]] department. The outbreak, which remained in the city from July to September 1833, killed 100 people.<ref name="earlyhistory">{{cite web|url=https://www.thisweeknews.com/article/20120320/NEWS/303209518|title=Summer 1833 was a time of cholera in Columbus|website=ThisWeek Community News|access-date=May 11, 2020|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728171259/https://www.thisweeknews.com/article/20120320/NEWS/303209518|url-status=live}}</ref>

Columbus was without direct river or trail connections to other Ohio cities, leading to slow initial growth. The [[National Road]] reached Columbus from [[Baltimore]] in 1831, which complemented the city's new link to the [[Ohio and Erie Canal]], both of which facilitated a population boom.<ref>Lentz, p. 58</ref><ref name="earlyhistory"/> A wave of European [[immigrants]] led to the creation of two ethnic [[enclave]]s on the city's outskirts. A large [[Irish people|Irish]] population settled in the north along Naghten Street (presently Nationwide Boulevard), while the [[Germans]] took advantage of the cheap land to the south, creating a community that came to be known as the ''[[German Village|Das Alte Südende]]'' (The Old South End). Columbus's German population constructed numerous breweries, [[Trinity Lutheran Seminary]] and [[Capital University]].<ref name = "zuahxa">Lentz, pp. 63–64</ref>

With a population of 3,500, Columbus was officially chartered as a city on March 3, 1834. On that day, the legislature carried out a [[Private bill|special act]], which granted legislative authority to the [[city council]] and judicial authority to the mayor. Elections were held in April of that year, with voters choosing [[John Brooks (mayor)|John Brooks]] as the first popularly elected mayor.<ref>Moore, p. 156</ref> Columbus annexed the then-separate city of Franklinton in 1837.<ref name="test">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ-DgBzxfx4C&q=columbus+annexed+franklinton&pg=PA7 |title=Columbus 1860-1910 |date=April 26, 2006 |access-date=March 15, 2013 |isbn=9780738539621 |last1=Barrett |first1=Richard E. |publisher=Arcadia |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920165814/https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ-DgBzxfx4C&q=columbus+annexed+franklinton&pg=PA7 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1850, the [[Columbus and Xenia Railroad]] became the first railroad into the city, followed by the [[Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad]] in 1851. The two railroads built a joint [[Union Station (Columbus, Ohio)|Union Station]] on the east side of High Street just north of Naghten (then called North Public Lane). Rail traffic into Columbus increased: by 1875, eight railroads served Columbus, and the rail companies built a new, more elaborate station.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Darbee|first=Jeffrey|year=2003|title=Taking the Cars: A History of Columbus Union Station|location=Columbus|publisher=The Ohio Historical Society|isbn=0-9742573-0-3}}</ref> Another cholera outbreak hit Columbus in 1849, prompting the opening of the city's [[Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio)|Green Lawn Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dispatch.com/article/20120711/NEWS/307119704|title=Columbus Mileposts &#124; July 11, 1849: Cholera begins filling Green Lawn|first=Gerald|last=Tebben|website=The Columbus Dispatch|access-date=May 22, 2020|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728182008/https://www.dispatch.com/article/20120711/NEWS/307119704|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 7, 1857, the [[Ohio Statehouse]] finally opened after 18 years of construction.<ref>Lentz, pp. 70–71</ref>

[[File:Birds eye view of Columbus, Ohio LOC 84690606.jpg|thumb|Bird's eye view map of Columbus in 1872]]
Before the abolition of slavery in the [[Southern United States]] in 1863, the [[Underground Railroad]] was active in Columbus and was led, in part, by [[James Preston Poindexter]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cole |first1=Charles Chester |title=A Fragile Capital: Identity and the Early Years of Columbus, Ohio |date=2001 |publisher=Ohio State University Press |isbn=9780814208533 |pages=193–204 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fwfDYWIRiPMC&pg=PA193 |language=en |access-date=October 25, 2020 |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920170315/https://books.google.com/books?id=fwfDYWIRiPMC&pg=PA193 |url-status=live }}</ref> Poindexter arrived in Columbus in the 1830s and became a Baptist preacher and leader in the city's African-American community until the turn of the century.<ref name="obit">{{cite news |title=A Notable Colored Man has just Passed Away |newspaper=Xenia Daily Gazette |location=Xenia, Ohio |date=February 8, 1907 |page=7 |access-date=October 5, 2016 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6906223// |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920170243/https://www.newspapers.com/article/6906223/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], Columbus was a major base for the volunteer [[Union Army]]. It housed 26,000 troops and held up to 9,000 [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] [[prisoners of war]] at [[Camp Chase]], at what is now [[Hilltop (Columbus, Ohio)|the Hilltop]] neighborhood of west Columbus. Over 2,000 Confederate soldiers remain buried at the site, making it one of the North's largest Confederate cemeteries.<ref>Lentz, p. 78</ref>

By virtue of the [[Morrill Act of 1862]], the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College – which eventually became the [[Ohio State University]] – was founded in 1870 on the former estate of William and Hannah Neil.<ref>Lentz, p.57</ref>

[[File:Central Market 1898.jpg|thumb|[[Central Market (Columbus, Ohio)|Central Market]], pictured here in 1898, operated from 1814 to 1966.]]
By the end of the 19th century, Columbus was home to several major manufacturing businesses. The [[Jeffrey Manufacturing Company]] was a major supplier of coal mining equipment.<ref name=hooper>{{cite book |first=Osman Castle |last=Hooper |title=History of the City of Columbus, Ohio |publisher=Memorial Publishing |date=1920 |pages=355–356 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjWfaxIi7zgC}}</ref> The city became known as the "Buggy Capital of the World," thanks to the two dozen [[Carriage|buggy]] factories – notably the [[Columbus Buggy Company]], founded in 1875 by C.D. Firestone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://touringohio.com/central/franklin/columbus/columbus-buggy.html|title=Columbus Buggy Company|website=touringohio.com|access-date=April 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408082210/http://touringohio.com/central/franklin/columbus/columbus-buggy.html|archive-date=April 8, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Columbus Consolidated Brewing Company also rose to prominence during this time and might have achieved even greater success were it not for the [[Anti-Saloon League]] in neighboring [[Westerville, Ohio|Westerville]].<ref>Lentz, pp. 85–87</ref>

In the [[steel|steel industry]], a forward-thinking man named [[Samuel P. Bush]] presided over the [[Buckeye Steel Castings]] Company. Columbus was also a popular location for labor organizations. In 1886, [[Samuel Gompers]] founded the [[American Federation of Labor]] in Druid's Hall on South Fourth Street, and in 1890, the [[United Mine Workers of America]] was founded at [[Columbus City Hall (1872–1921)|the old City Hall]].<ref>Lentz, pp. 91–92</ref>