Editing Cognitive bias (section)

== Reducing ==
{{main|Cognitive bias mitigation| Cognitive bias modification}}

Because they cause [[systematic error]]s, cognitive biases cannot be compensated for using a [[wisdom of the crowd]] technique of averaging answers from several people.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://hbr.org/2019/03/the-feedback-fallacy |title=The Feedback Fallacy | first1 = Marcus | last1 = Buckingham | first2 = Ashley | last2 = Goodall | name-list-style = vanc |issue=March–April 2019 |magazine=[[Harvard Business Review]]}}</ref>  [[Debiasing]] is the reduction of biases in judgment and decision-making through incentives, nudges, and training. [[Cognitive bias mitigation]] and [[cognitive bias modification]] are forms of debiasing specifically applicable to cognitive biases and their effects. [[Reference class forecasting]] is a method for systematically debiasing estimates and decisions, based on what [[Daniel Kahneman]] has dubbed the [[outside view]].

Similar to Gigerenzer (1996),<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Gigerenzer G |title=On narrow norms and vague heuristics: A reply to Kahneman and Tversky (1996)|journal=Psychological Review|year=1996|volume=103|issue=3|pages=592–596|doi=10.1037/0033-295x.103.3.592|citeseerx=10.1.1.314.996}}</ref> Haselton et al. (2005) state the content and direction of cognitive biases are not "arbitrary" (p.&nbsp;730).<ref name="Haselton_2005"/> Moreover, cognitive biases can be controlled. One debiasing technique aims to decrease biases by encouraging individuals to use controlled processing compared to automatic processing.<ref name="Baumeister">{{cite book| vauthors = Baumeister RF, Bushman BJ |title=Social psychology and human nature: International Edition|year=2010|publisher=Belmont, USA: Wadsworth.}}</ref> In relation to reducing the [[Fundamental attribution error|FAE]], monetary incentives<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Vonk R |title=Effects of outcome dependency on correspondence bias|journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin|year=1999|volume=25|issue=3|pages=382–389|doi=10.1177/0146167299025003009|s2cid=145752877}}</ref> and informing participants they will be held accountable for their attributions<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Tetlock PE |title=Accountability: A social check on the fundamental attribution error|journal=Social Psychology Quarterly|year=1985|volume=48|issue=3|pages=227–236|doi=10.2307/3033683|jstor=3033683}}</ref> have been linked to the increase of accurate attributions. Training has also shown to reduce cognitive bias. Carey K. Morewedge and colleagues (2015) found that research participants exposed to one-shot training interventions, such as educational videos and debiasing games that taught mitigating strategies, exhibited significant reductions in their commission of six cognitive biases immediately and up to 3 months later.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Debiasing Decisions Improved Decision Making With a Single Training Intervention|journal = Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences|date = 2015-08-13|issn = 2372-7322|pages = 129–140|doi = 10.1177/2372732215600886|first1 = Carey K.|last1 = Morewedge|first2 = Haewon|last2 = Yoon|first3 = Irene|last3 = Scopelliti|first4 = Carl W.|last4 = Symborski|first5 = James H.|last5 = Korris|first6 = Karim S.|last6 = Kassam | name-list-style = vanc |volume=2|s2cid = 4848978|url = http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/12324/1/Debiasing_Decisions_PIBBS.pdf}}</ref>

[[Cognitive bias modification]] refers to the process of modifying cognitive biases in healthy people and also refers to a growing area of psychological (non-pharmaceutical) therapies for anxiety, depression and addiction called cognitive bias modification therapy (CBMT). CBMT is sub-group of therapies within a growing area of psychological therapies based on modifying cognitive processes with or without accompanying medication and talk therapy, sometimes referred to as applied cognitive processing therapies (ACPT). Although cognitive bias modification can refer to modifying cognitive processes in healthy individuals, CBMT is a growing area of evidence-based psychological therapy, in which cognitive processes are modified to relieve suffering<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = MacLeod C, Mathews A, Tata P | title = Attentional bias in emotional disorders | journal = Journal of Abnormal Psychology | volume = 95 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–20 | date = February 1986 | pmid = 3700842 | doi = 10.1037/0021-843x.95.1.15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bar-Haim Y, Lamy D, Pergamin L, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH | title = Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: a meta-analytic study | journal = Psychological Bulletin | volume = 133 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–24 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17201568 | doi = 10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.324.4312 | s2cid = 2861872 }}</ref> from serious [[Major depressive disorder|depression]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Holmes EA, Lang TJ, Shah DM | title = Developing interpretation bias modification as a "cognitive vaccine" for depressed mood: imagining positive events makes you feel better than thinking about them verbally | journal = Journal of Abnormal Psychology | volume = 118 | issue = 1 | pages = 76–88 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19222316 | doi = 10.1037/a0012590 }}</ref> [[Anxiety disorder|anxiety]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hakamata Y, Lissek S, Bar-Haim Y, Britton JC, Fox NA, Leibenluft E, Ernst M, Pine DS | display-authors = 6 | title = Attention bias modification treatment: a meta-analysis toward the establishment of novel treatment for anxiety | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 68 | issue = 11 | pages = 982–90 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 20887977 | pmc = 3296778 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.021 }}</ref> and addiction.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Eberl C, Wiers RW, Pawelczack S, Rinck M, Becker ES, Lindenmeyer J | title = Approach bias modification in alcohol dependence: do clinical effects replicate and for whom does it work best? | journal = Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience | volume = 4 | pages = 38–51 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23218805 | doi = 10.1016/j.dcn.2012.11.002 | pmc = 6987692 }}</ref> CBMT techniques are technology-assisted therapies that are delivered via a computer with or without clinician support. CBM combines evidence and theory from the cognitive model of anxiety,<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Clark DA, Beck AT | date = 2009 | title = Cognitive Therapy of Anxiety Disorders: Science and Practice. | location = London | publisher = Guildford }}</ref> cognitive neuroscience,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Browning M, Holmes EA, Murphy SE, Goodwin GM, Harmer CJ | title = Lateral prefrontal cortex mediates the cognitive modification of attentional bias | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 67 | issue = 10 | pages = 919–25 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20034617 | pmc = 2866253 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.031 }}</ref> and attentional models.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Eysenck MW, Derakshan N, Santos R, Calvo MG | title = Anxiety and cognitive performance: attentional control theory | journal = Emotion | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 336–53 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17516812 | doi = 10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.453.3592 | s2cid = 33462708 }}</ref>

Cognitive bias modification has also been used to help those with obsessive-compulsive beliefs and obsessive-compulsive disorder.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Beadel|first1=Jessica R.|last2=Smyth|first2=Frederick L.|last3=Teachman|first3=Bethany A.| name-list-style = vanc |date=2014|title=Change Processes During Cognitive Bias Modification for Obsessive Compulsive Beliefs|journal=Cognitive Therapy and Research|language=en|volume=38|issue=2|pages=103–119|doi=10.1007/s10608-013-9576-6|s2cid=32259433|issn=0147-5916}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Williams AD, Grisham JR | title = Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) of obsessive compulsive beliefs | journal = BMC Psychiatry | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 256 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 24106918 | pmc = 3851748 | doi = 10.1186/1471-244X-13-256 | doi-access = free }}</ref> This therapy has shown that it decreases the obsessive-compulsive beliefs and behaviors.