Editing Cognitive behavioral therapy (section)

==Medical uses==
In adults, CBT has been shown to be an effective part of treatment plans for [[anxiety disorder]]s,<ref name="OtteC">{{cite journal | vauthors = Otte C | title = Cognitive behavioral therapy in anxiety disorders: current state of the evidence | journal = Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 413–421 | year = 2011 | pmid = 22275847 | pmc = 3263389 | doi = 10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.4/cotte }}</ref><ref name="plosone.org">{{cite journal | vauthors = Robinson E, Titov N, Andrews G, McIntyre K, Schwencke G, Solley K | title = Internet treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial comparing clinician vs. technician assistance | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = e10942 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20532167 | pmc = 2880592 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0010942 | bibcode = 2010PLoSO...510942R | veditors = García AV | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[body dysmorphic disorder]],<ref name="MetaNSUE">{{cite journal | vauthors = Harrison A, Fernández de la Cruz L, Enander J, Radua J, Mataix-Cols D | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = Clinical Psychology Review | volume = 48 | pages = 43–51 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27393916 | doi = 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.05.007 | s2cid = 19454310 | url = https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/cognitivebehavioral-therapy-for-body-dysmorphic-disorder-a-systematic-review-and-metaanalysis-of-randomized-controlled-trials(0fe73d16-d299-4d3a-a96b-68254931ac92).html | type = Submitted manuscript }}</ref> [[Depression (mood)|depression]],<ref name="DriessenE">{{cite journal | vauthors = Driessen E, Hollon SD | title = Cognitive behavioral therapy for mood disorders: efficacy, moderators and mediators | journal = The Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 537–555 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20599132 | pmc = 2933381 | doi = 10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.005 }}</ref><ref name="biomedcentral.com">{{cite journal | vauthors = Foroushani PS, Schneider J, Assareh N | title = Meta-review of the effectiveness of computerised CBT in treating depression | journal = BMC Psychiatry | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | page = 131 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21838902 | pmc = 3180363 | doi = 10.1186/1471-244X-11-131 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="INSERM">{{cite report|author1=INSERM Collective Expertise Centre|year=2000|title=Psychotherapy: Three approaches evaluated |pmid=21348158 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7123/ |publisher=[[Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale]] |publication-place=Paris, France |id=[[NCBI bookshelf]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7123/ NBK7123]}}</ref> [[eating disorder]]s,<ref name="Agras" /><ref name="MurphyR">{{cite journal | vauthors = Murphy R, Straebler S, Cooper Z, Fairburn CG | title = Cognitive behavioral therapy for eating disorders | journal = The Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 611–627 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20599136 | pmc = 2928448 | doi = 10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.004 | author-link4 = Christopher Fairburn }}</ref><ref name="INSERM" /> chronic [[low back pain]],<ref name="GatchelRJ">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gatchel RJ, Rollings KH |year=2008 |title=Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with cognitive behavioral therapy |journal=The Spine Journal |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=40–44 |doi=10.1016/j.spinee.2007.10.007 |pmc=3237294 |pmid=18164452}}</ref> [[personality disorder]]s,<ref name="MatusiewiczAK">{{cite journal | vauthors = Matusiewicz AK, Hopwood CJ, Banducci AN, Lejuez CW | title = The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for personality disorders | journal = The Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 657–685 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20599139 | pmc = 3138327 | doi = 10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.007 }}</ref><ref name="INSERM" /> [[psychosis]],<ref name="GutierrezM">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gutiérrez M, Sánchez M, Trujillo A, Sánchez L | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic psychosis | journal = Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 106–114 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19401859 | url = http://www.actaspsiquiatria.es/repositorio//10/56/ENG/10-56-ENG-106-114-498857.pdf }}</ref> [[schizophrenia]],<ref name="RathodS">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rathod S, Phiri P, Kingdon D | title = Cognitive behavioral therapy for schizophrenia | journal = The Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 527–536 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20599131 | doi = 10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.009 | s2cid = 5798588 }}</ref><ref name="INSERM" /> [[substance use disorder]]s,<ref name="McHughRK">{{cite journal | vauthors = McHugh RK, Hearon BA, Otto MW | title = Cognitive behavioral therapy for substance use disorders | journal = The Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 511–525 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20599130 | pmc = 2897895 | doi = 10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.012 }}</ref><ref name="INSERM" /> and bipolar disorder.<ref name="INSERM" /> It is also effective as part of treatment plans in the adjustment, depression, and anxiety associated with [[fibromyalgia]],<ref name="HassettAL">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hassett AL, Gevirtz RN |date=May 2009 |title=Nonpharmacologic treatment for fibromyalgia: patient education, cognitive-behavioral therapy, relaxation techniques, and complementary and alternative medicine |journal=Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=393–407 |doi=10.1016/j.rdc.2009.05.003 |pmc=2743408 |pmid=19647150}}</ref> and as part of the treatment after [[Spinal cord injury|spinal cord injuries]].<ref name="MehtaS">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mehta S, Orenczuk S, Hansen KT, Aubut JA, Hitzig SL, Legassic M, Teasell RW | title = An evidence-based review of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosocial issues post-spinal cord injury | journal = Rehabilitation Psychology | volume = 56 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–25 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21401282 | pmc = 3206089 | doi = 10.1037/a0022743 | author8 = Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Evidence Research Team }}</ref>

In children or adolescents, CBT is an effective part of treatment plans for anxiety disorders,<ref name="SeligmanLD">{{cite journal | vauthors = Seligman LD, Ollendick TH | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders in youth | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 217–238 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21440852 | pmc = 3091167 | doi = 10.1016/j.chc.2011.01.003 }}</ref> body dysmorphic disorder,<ref name="PhillipsKA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Phillips KA, Rogers J | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for youth with body dysmorphic disorder: current status and future directions | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 287–304 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21440856 | pmc = 3070293 | doi = 10.1016/j.chc.2011.01.004 }}</ref> depression and [[Suicidal ideation|suicidality]],<ref name="SpiritoA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Spirito A, Esposito-Smythers C, Wolff J, Uhl K | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescent depression and suicidality | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 191–204 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21440850 | pmc = 3073681 | doi = 10.1016/j.chc.2011.01.012 }}</ref> eating disorders<ref name="Agras" /> and [[obesity]],<ref name="WilfleyDE">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilfley DE, Kolko RP, Kass AE | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for weight management and eating disorders in children and adolescents | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 271–285 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21440855 | pmc = 3065663 | doi = 10.1016/j.chc.2011.01.002 }}</ref> [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]] (OCD),<ref name="BoileauB">{{cite journal | vauthors = Boileau B | title = A review of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents | journal = Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 401–411 | year = 2011 | pmid = 22275846 | pmc = 3263388 | doi = 10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.4/bboileau }}</ref> and [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD),<ref name="KowalikJ">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kowalik J, Weller J, Venter J, Drachman D | title = Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder: a review and meta-analysis | journal = Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 405–413 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21458405 | doi = 10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.02.002 }}</ref> [[tic disorder]]s, [[trichotillomania]], and other repetitive behavior disorders.<ref name="FlessnerCA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Flessner CA | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood repetitive behavior disorders: tic disorders and trichotillomania | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 319–328 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21440858 | pmc = 3074180 | doi = 10.1016/j.chc.2011.01.007 }}</ref> CBT has also been used to help improve a variety of childhood disorders, including depressive disorders and various anxiety disorders.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Cognitive therapy with children and adolescents: A casebook for clinical practice |date=2003 |publisher=Guilford Press |isbn=978-1-57230-853-4 |edition=2nd |location=New York |oclc=50694773}}</ref> CBT has shown to be the most effective intervention for people exposed to [[adverse childhood experiences]] in the form of abuse or neglect.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lorenc T, Lester S, Sutcliffe K, Stansfield C, Thomas J | title = Interventions to support people exposed to adverse childhood experiences: systematic review of systematic reviews | journal = BMC Public Health | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | page = 657 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32397975 | pmc = 7216383 | doi = 10.1186/s12889-020-08789-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Criticism of CBT sometimes focuses on implementations (such as the UK [[Improving Access to Psychological Therapies|IAPT]]) which may result initially in low quality therapy being offered by poorly trained practitioners.<ref>{{cite press release|title = UKCP response to Andy Burnham's speech on mental health|publisher = UK Council for Psychotherapy|date = 1 February 2012|url = http://www.psychotherapy.org.uk/article1488.html|access-date = 26 April 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130221020422/http://www.psychotherapy.org.uk/article1488.html|archive-date = 21 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/anxiety-files/201111/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-proven-effectiveness| vauthors = Leahy RL |date = 23 November 2011|title = Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Proven Effectiveness|work = Psychology Today}}</ref> However, evidence supports the effectiveness of CBT for anxiety and depression.<ref name="pmid20948835">{{cite journal | vauthors = Titov N, Andrews G, Sachdev P | title = Computer-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy: effective and getting ready for dissemination | journal = F1000 Medicine Reports | volume = 2 | page = 49 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20948835 | pmc = 2950044 | doi = 10.3410/M2-49 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Evidence suggests that the addition of [[hypnotherapy]] as an adjunct to CBT improves treatment efficacy for a variety of clinical issues.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kirsch I, Montgomery G, Sapirstein G | title = Hypnosis as an adjunct to cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy: a meta-analysis | journal = Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages = 214–220 | date = April 1995 | pmid = 7751482 | doi = 10.1037/0022-006X.63.2.214 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Elkins G, Johnson A, Fisher W | title = Cognitive hypnotherapy for pain management | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis | volume = 54 | issue = 4 | pages = 294–310 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22655332 | doi = 10.1080/00029157.2011.654284 | s2cid = 40604946 }}</ref>

The United Kingdom's [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] (NICE) recommends CBT in the treatment plans for a number of [[mental health]] difficulties, including PTSD, OCD, [[bulimia nervosa]], and [[clinical depression]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.nice.org.uk/media/878/f7/cbtcommissioningguide.pdf|title = Cognitive behavioural therapy for the management of common mental health problems|publisher = National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence|date = April 2008|access-date = 4 November 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131105200545/http://www.nice.org.uk/media/878/f7/cbtcommissioningguide.pdf|archive-date = 5 November 2013}}</ref>

===Depression and anxiety disorders===
{{Further|Major depressive disorder#Talking therapies|Management of depression#Psychotherapy|Anxiety disorder#Treatment}}
Cognitive behavioral therapy has been shown as an effective treatment for clinical depression.<ref name="DriessenE" /> Among psychotherapeutic approaches for [[major depressive disorder]], cognitive behavioral therapy and [[interpersonal psychotherapy]] are recommended by clinical practice guidelines including The [[American Psychiatric Association]] Practice (APA) Guidelines (April 2000),<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Hirschfeld RM |chapter = Guideline Watch: Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Bipolar Disorder, 2nd Edition|year = 2006|isbn = 978-0-89042-336-3|volume = 1|title=APA Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Comprehensive Guidelines and Guideline Watches| publisher=American Psychiatric Association |chapter-url=http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/bipolar-watch.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712204621/http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/bipolar-watch.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the APA endorsed Veteran Affairs clinical practice guideline.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Veterans Affairs and Department of Defence Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Major Depressive Disorder |url=https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/MH/mdd/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=www.healthquality.va.gov |language=en}}</ref>

CBT has been shown to be effective in the treatment of adults with anxiety disorders.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hofmann SG, Smits JA | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials | journal = The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | volume = 69 | issue = 4 | pages = 621–632 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18363421 | pmc = 2409267 | doi = 10.4088/JCP.v69n0415 }}</ref>  There is also evidence that using CBT to treat children and adolescents with anxiety disorders was probably more effective (in the short term) than wait list or no treatment and more effective than attention control treatment approaches.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = James AC, Reardon T, Soler A, James G, Creswell C | title = Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2020 | issue = 11 | pages = CD013162 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33196111 | pmc = 8092480 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD013162.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leichsenring F | title = Comparative effects of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in depression: a meta-analytic approach | journal = Clinical Psychology Review | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 401–419 | date = April 2001 | pmid = 11288607 | doi = 10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00057-4 }}</ref> Some meta-analyses find CBT more effective than psychodynamic therapy and equal to other therapies in treating anxiety and depression.<ref name="Tolin_2010">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tolin DF |date=August 2010 |title=Is cognitive-behavioral therapy more effective than other therapies? A meta-analytic review |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=710–720 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2010.05.003 |pmid=20547435}}</ref><ref name="Cuijpers_2008">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Andersson G, van Oppen P |date=December 2008 |title=Psychotherapy for depression in adults: a meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies |journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology |volume=76 |issue=6 |pages=909–922 |doi=10.1037/a0013075 |pmid=19045960 |s2cid=23341989}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> A 2013 meta-analysis suggested that CBT, [[interpersonal therapy]], and [[problem-solving therapy]] outperformed psychodynamic psychotherapy and [[behavioral activation]] in the treatment of depression.<ref name="Barth_2013" /> According to a 2004 review by [[INSERM]] of three methods, cognitive behavioral therapy was either proven or presumed to be an effective therapy on several [[mental disorder]]s.<ref name="INSERM" /> This included [[Depression (mood)|depression]], [[panic disorder]], [[Post-traumatic stress disorder|post-traumatic stress]], and other anxiety disorders.<ref name="INSERM" />

A [[systematic review]] of CBT in depression and anxiety disorders concluded that "CBT delivered in primary care, especially including computer- or Internet-based self-help programs, is potentially more effective than usual care and could be delivered effectively by primary care therapists."<ref name="HoifodtRS">{{cite journal | vauthors = Høifødt RS, Strøm C, Kolstrup N, Eisemann M, Waterloo K | title = Effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy in primary health care: a review | journal = Family Practice | volume = 28 | issue = 5 | pages = 489–504 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21555339 | doi = 10.1093/fampra/cmr017 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

A 2024 systematic review found that [[Exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapy|exposure and response prevention (ERP)]], a specific form of cognitive behavioral therapy, is considered a first-line treatment for pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Research indicates that ERP is effective in both in-person and remote settings, providing flexibility in treatment delivery without compromising efficacy.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/research |title=Diagnosis and Management of Obsessive Compulsive Disorders in Children: A Systematic Review |last=Steele |first=Dale W. |last2=Caputo |first2=Eduardo L. |last3=Kanaan |first3=Ghid |last4=Zahradnik |first4=Michael L. |last5=Brannon |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Freeman |first6=Jennifer B. |last7=Balk |first7=Ethan M. |last8=Trikalinos |first8=Thomas A. |last9=Adam |first9=Gaelen P. |date=2024-12-06 |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) |doi=10.23970/ahrqepccer276}}</ref>

{{Quote2|In CBT you work on reducing fear by changing how you think and act. Instead of thinking of the fear object (for example, a spider) as an imminent threat or danger, you're taught to reevaluate the fear object as less threatening to your safety and well-being. Instead of avoiding or running from the fear, you're encouraged to face the fear.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clark |first=David A. |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/63223214-the-anxiety-and-worry-workbook |title=The anxiety and worry workbook: the cognitive behavioral solution |last2=Beck |first2=Aaron T. |date=2023 |publisher=The Guilford Press |isbn=978-1-4625-4616-9 |edition=Second |series=Psychology |location=New York London |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref>}}

====Theoretical approaches====
One [[Etiology|etiological]] theory of depression is [[Aaron T. Beck]]'s cognitive theory of depression. His theory states that depressed people think the way they do because their thinking is biased towards negative interpretations. Beck's theory rests on the aspect of cognitive behavioral therapy known as [[Schema (psychology)|schemata]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Turk |first1=Dennis C. |last2=Salovey |first2=Peter |date=1985-02-01 |title=Cognitive structures, cognitive processes, and cognitive-behavior modification: I. client issues |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01178747 |journal=Cognitive Therapy and Research |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1007/BF01178747 |issn=1573-2819}}</ref> Schemata are the mental maps used to integrate new information into memories and to organize existing information in the mind. An example of a [[Schema (psychology)|schema]] would be a person hearing the word "dog" and picturing different versions of the animal that they have grouped together in their mind.<ref name=":0" /> According to this theory, depressed people acquire a negative schema of the world in childhood and adolescence as an effect of stressful life events, and the negative schema is activated later in life when the person encounters similar situations.<ref name="Neale247">{{Cite book|vauthors = Neale JM, Davison GC|title = Abnormal psychology|edition = 8th|publisher = John Wiley & Sons|location = New York|year = 2001|page = [https://archive.org/details/abnormalpsycholo00gera/page/247 247]|isbn = 978-0-471-31811-8|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/abnormalpsycholo00gera/page/247}}</ref>

Beck also described a negative [[Beck's cognitive triad|cognitive triad]]. The cognitive triad is made up of the depressed individual's negative evaluations of themselves, the world, and the future. Beck suggested that these negative evaluations derive from the negative schemata and cognitive biases of the person. According to this theory, depressed people have views such as "I never do a good job", "It is impossible to have a good day", and "things will never get better". A negative schema helps give rise to the cognitive bias, and the cognitive bias helps fuel the negative schema. Beck further proposed that depressed people often have the following cognitive biases: [[arbitrary inference]], [[selective abstraction]], overgeneralization, magnification, and [[Minimisation (psychology)|minimization]]. These cognitive biases are quick to make negative, generalized, and personal inferences of the self, thus fueling the negative schema.<ref name="Neale247" />

On the other hand, a positive cognitive triad relates to a person's positive evaluations of themself, the world, and the future.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Mehta |first1=Mansi H. |last2=Grover |first2=Rachel L. |last3=DiDonato |first3=Theresa E. |last4=Kirkhart |first4=Matthew W. |date=June 2019 |title=Examining the Positive Cognitive Triad: A Link Between Resilience and Well-Being |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0033294118773722 |journal=Psychological Reports |language=en |volume=122 |issue=3 |pages=776–788 |doi=10.1177/0033294118773722 |pmid=29708049 |issn=0033-2941}}</ref> More specifically, a positive cognitive triad requires [[self-esteem]] when viewing oneself and hope for the future. A person with a positive cognitive triad has a positive schema used for viewing themself in addition to a positive schema for the world and for the future. Cognitive behavioral research suggests a positive cognitive triad bolsters [[Psychological resilience|resilience]], or the ability to cope with stressful events. Increased levels of resilience is associated with greater resistance to [[Depression (mood)|depression]].<ref name=":1" />

Another major theoretical approach to cognitive behavioral therapy treatment is the concept of [[Locus of control|Locus of Control]] outlined in [[Social learning theory|Julian Rotter's Social Learning Theory]]. Locus of control refers to the degree to which an individual's sense of control is either internal or external.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Stephen |last2=Iles-Caven |first2=Yasmin |last3=Kalechstein |first3=Ari |last4=Golding |first4=Jean |date=June 29, 2021 |title=Editorial: Locus of Control: Antecedents, Consequences and Interventions Using Rotter's Definition |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.698917 |doi-access=free |pmid=34267714|pmc=8275955 }}</ref> An internal locus of control exists when an individual views an outcome of a particular action as being reliant on themselves and their personal attributes whereas an external locus of control exists when an individual views other's or some outside, intangible force such as luck or fate as being responsible for the outcome of a particular action.<ref name=":2" />

A basic concept in some CBT treatments used in anxiety disorders is ''in vivo'' [[Exposure therapy|exposure]]. CBT-exposure therapy refers to the direct confrontation of feared objects, activities, or situations by a patient. For example, a woman with PTSD who fears the location where she was assaulted may be assisted by her therapist in going to that location and directly confronting those fears.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.div12.org/sites/default/files/WhatIsExposureTherapy.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://www.div12.org/sites/default/files/WhatIsExposureTherapy.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10 |url-status=live|title=What is Exposure Therapy?|author=((American Psychological Association {{!}} Division 12)) |website=div12.org/}}</ref> Likewise, a person with a social anxiety disorder who fears public speaking may be instructed to directly confront those fears by giving a speech.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://ptsd.about.com/od/glossary/g/invivo.htm|title = Definition of In Vivo Exposure|publisher = Ptsd.about.com|date = 9 June 2014|access-date = 14 August 2014|archive-date = 19 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160319155913/http://ptsd.about.com/od/glossary/g/invivo.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref> This "two-factor" model is often credited to [[Orval Hobart Mowrer|O. Hobart Mowrer]].<ref>{{Cite book |publisher = Wiley|location = New York|author = Mowrer OH|title = Learning theory and behavior|year = 1960|isbn = 978-0-88275-127-6}}{{Page needed|date = April 2012}}</ref> Through exposure to the stimulus, this harmful conditioning can be "unlearned" (referred to as [[Extinction (psychology)|extinction]] and [[habituation]]).

CBT for children with phobias is normally delivered over multiple sessions, but one-session treatment has been shown to be equally effective and is cheaper.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=April 2023 |title=One-session treatment is as effective as multi-session therapy for young people with phobias |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/one-session-cbt-treatment-effective-for-young-people-with-phobias/ |journal=NIHR Evidence|doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_57627 |s2cid=258149486 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wright B, Tindall L, Scott AJ, Lee E, Biggs K, Cooper C, Bee P, Wang HI, Gega L, Hayward E, Solaiman K, Teare MD, Davis T, Lovell K, Wilson J, McMillan D, Barr A, Edwards H, Lomas J, Turtle C, Parrott S, Teige C, Chater T, Hargate R, Ali S, Parkinson S, Gilbody S, Marshall D | display-authors = 6 | title = One-session treatment compared with multisession CBT in children aged 7-16 years with specific phobias: the ASPECT non-inferiority RCT | language = EN | journal = Health Technology Assessment | volume = 26 | issue = 42 | pages = 1–174 | date = October 2022 | pmid = 36318050 | pmc = 9638885 | doi = 10.3310/IBCT0609 }}</ref>

====Specialized forms of CBT====
CBT-SP, an adaptation of CBT for suicide prevention (SP), was specifically designed for treating youths who are severely depressed and who have recently attempted suicide within the past 90 days, and was found to be effective, feasible, and acceptable.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stanley B, Brown G, Brent DA, Wells K, Poling K, Curry J, Kennard BD, Wagner A, Cwik MF, Klomek AB, Goldstein T, Vitiello B, Barnett S, Daniel S, Hughes J | display-authors = 6 | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention (CBT-SP): treatment model, feasibility, and acceptability | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry | volume = 48 | issue = 10 | pages = 1005–1013 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19730273 | pmc = 2888910 | doi = 10.1097/chi.0b013e3181b5dbfe }}</ref>

[[Acceptance and commitment therapy]] (ACT) is a specialist branch of CBT (sometimes referred to as contextual CBT).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McCracken LM, Vowles KE | title = Acceptance and commitment therapy and mindfulness for chronic pain: model, process, and progress | journal = The American Psychologist | volume = 69 | issue = 2 | pages = 178–187 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24547803 | doi = 10.1037/a0035623 | s2cid = 16276904 | url = https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/acceptance-and-commitment-therapy-and-mindfulness-for-chronic-pain-model-process-and-progress(e4edf891-b582-4202-a4d6-ab8948539356).html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Acceptance and Commitment Therapy {{!}} Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapy-types/acceptance-and-commitment-therapy |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.psychologytoday.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ACT uses mindfulness and acceptance interventions and has been found to have a greater longevity in therapeutic outcomes. In a study with anxiety, CBT and ACT improved similarly across all outcomes from pre- to post-treatment. However, during a 12-month follow-up, ACT proved to be more effective, showing that it is a highly viable lasting treatment model for anxiety disorders.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Randomized Clinical Trial of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Versus Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for Mixed Anxiety Disorders|url=http://thehappinesstrap.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/ACt-vs-CBT-for-Anxiety.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/http://thehappinesstrap.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/ACt-vs-CBT-for-Anxiety.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10 |url-status=live|website=The Happiness Trap}}</ref>

Computerized CBT (CCBT) has been proven to be effective by randomized controlled and other trials in treating depression and anxiety disorders,<ref name="plosone.org" /><ref name="biomedcentral.com" /><ref name="HoifodtRS" /><ref>{{cite web|title=MoodGYM|url=http://www.ehub.anu.edu.au/assist/about/research.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221021730/http://www.ehub.anu.edu.au/assist/about/research.php|archive-date=21 February 2013|access-date=22 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="pmid20948835" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Williams AD, Andrews G | title = The effectiveness of Internet cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) for depression in primary care: a quality assurance study | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = e57447 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23451231 | pmc = 3579844 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0057447 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...857447W | veditors = Andersson G | doi-access = free }}</ref> including children.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khanna MS, Kendall PC | title = Computer-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for child anxiety: results of a randomized clinical trial | journal = Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology | volume = 78 | issue = 5 | pages = 737–745 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20873909 | doi = 10.1037/a0019739 | url = http://www.seattleimplementation.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/ccp-78-5-737.pdf | publisher = [[American Psychological Association]] | access-date = 1 December 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203035310/http://www.seattleimplementation.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/ccp-78-5-737.pdf | archive-date = 3 December 2013 }}</ref> Some research has found similar effectiveness to an intervention of informational websites and weekly telephone calls.<ref name="Schneider">{{cite web| vauthors = Schneider J |title=Computerised CBT for Common Mental Disorders: RCT of a Workplace Intervention|url=http://www.bohrf.org.uk/downloads/Computerised_CBT-Sep2012.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203020947/http://www.bohrf.org.uk/downloads/Computerised_CBT-Sep2012.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2013|access-date=29 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="MoodGym no better than informational websites_2012">{{cite web|date=20 September 2012|title=MoodGym no better than informational websites, according to new workplace RCT|url=http://www.thementalelf.net/mental-health-conditions/anxiety-disorders/moodgym-no-better-than-informational-websites-according-to-new-workplace-rct/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116020909/http://www.thementalelf.net/mental-health-conditions/anxiety-disorders/moodgym-no-better-than-informational-websites-according-to-new-workplace-rct|archive-date=16 November 2012|access-date=29 January 2013}}</ref> CCBT was found to be equally effective as face-to-face CBT in adolescent anxiety.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Spence SH, Donovan CL, March S, Gamble A, Anderson RE, Prosser S, Kenardy J | title = A randomized controlled trial of online versus clinic-based CBT for adolescent anxiety | journal = Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology | volume = 79 | issue = 5 | pages = 629–642 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21744945 | doi = 10.1037/a0024512 | hdl-access = free | s2cid = 19631532 | hdl = 10072/43516 }}</ref>

====Combined with other treatments====
Studies have provided evidence that when examining animals and humans, that [[glucocorticoid]]s may lead to a more successful extinction learning during exposure therapy for anxiety disorders.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bentz |first=Dorothée |last2=Michael |first2=Tanja |last3=de Quervain |first3=Dominique J.-F. |last4=Wilhelm |first4=Frank H. |date=2010-03-24 |title=Enhancing exposure therapy for anxiety disorders with glucocorticoids: from basic mechanisms of emotional learning to clinical applications |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19962269/ |journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=223–230 |doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.10.011 |issn=1873-7897 |pmid=19962269}}</ref> For instance, glucocorticoids can prevent aversive learning episodes from being retrieved and heighten reinforcement of memory traces creating a non-fearful reaction in feared situations. A combination of glucocorticoids and exposure therapy may be a better-improved treatment for treating people with anxiety disorders.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bentz D, Michael T, de Quervain DJ, Wilhelm FH | title = Enhancing exposure therapy for anxiety disorders with glucocorticoids: from basic mechanisms of emotional learning to clinical applications | journal = Journal of Anxiety Disorders | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 223–230 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 19962269 | doi = 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.10.011 }}</ref>

====Prevention====
For anxiety disorders, use of CBT with people at risk has significantly reduced the number of episodes of generalized anxiety disorder and other anxiety symptoms, and also given significant improvements in explanatory style, hopelessness, and dysfunctional attitudes.<ref name="pmid20948835" /><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Seligman M, Schulman P, DeRubeis R, Hollon S |year=1999|title=The prevention of depression and anxiety|journal=Prevention & Treatment|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1111–1126|citeseerx=10.1.1.421.9996|doi=10.1037/1522-3736.2.1.28a|s2cid=211577 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schmidt NB, Eggleston AM, Woolaway-Bickel K, Fitzpatrick KK, Vasey MW, Richey JA | title = Anxiety Sensitivity Amelioration Training (ASAT): a longitudinal primary prevention program targeting cognitive vulnerability | journal = Journal of Anxiety Disorders | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 302–319 | year = 2007 | pmid = 16889931 | doi = 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.06.002 }}</ref> In another study, 3% of the group receiving the CBT intervention developed generalized anxiety disorder by 12 months postintervention compared with 14% in the control group.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Higgins DM, Hecker JE | title = A randomized trial of brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for prevention of generalized anxiety disorder | journal = The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | volume = 69 | issue = 8 | page = 1336 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18816156 | doi = 10.4088/JCP.v69n0819a | doi-access = free }}</ref> Individuals with subthreshold levels of panic disorder significantly benefitted from use of CBT.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Meulenbeek P, Willemse G, Smit F, van Balkom A, Spinhoven P, Cuijpers P | title = Early intervention in panic: pragmatic randomised controlled trial | journal = The British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 196 | issue = 4 | pages = 326–331 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20357312 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.072504 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Gardenswartz CA, Craske MG |year=2001|title=Prevention of panic disorder|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=32|issue=4|pages=725–737|doi=10.1016/S0005-7894(01)80017-4}}</ref> Use of CBT was found to significantly reduce social anxiety prevalence.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aune T, Stiles TC | title = Universal-based prevention of syndromal and subsyndromal social anxiety: A randomized controlled study | journal = Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology | volume = 77 | issue = 5 | pages = 867–879 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19803567 | doi = 10.1037/a0015813 }}</ref>

For depressive disorders, a stepped-care intervention (watchful waiting, CBT and medication if appropriate) achieved a 50% lower incidence rate in a patient group aged 75 or older.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van't Veer-Tazelaar PJ, van Marwijk HW, van Oppen P, van Hout HP, van der Horst HE, Cuijpers P, Smit F, Beekman AT | display-authors = 6 | title = Stepped-care prevention of anxiety and depression in late life: a randomized controlled trial | journal = Archives of General Psychiatry | volume = 66 | issue = 3 | pages = 297–304 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19255379 | doi = 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.555 | doi-access = free | hdl = 1871/16425 }}</ref> Another depression study found a neutral effect compared to personal, social, and health education, and usual school provision, and included a comment on potential for increased depression scores from people who have received CBT due to greater self recognition and acknowledgement of existing symptoms of depression and negative thinking styles.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stallard P, Sayal K, Phillips R, Taylor JA, Spears M, Anderson R, Araya R, Lewis G, Millings A, Montgomery AA | display-authors = 6 | title = Classroom based cognitive behavioural therapy in reducing symptoms of depression in high risk adolescents: pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial | journal = BMJ | volume = 345 | pages = e6058 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23043090 | pmc = 3465253 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e6058 }}</ref> A further study also saw a neutral result.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Clarke GN, Hawkins W, Murphy M, Sheeber L|year=1993|title=School-Based Primary Prevention of Depressive Symptomatology in Adolescents: Findings from Two Studies|journal=Journal of Adolescent Research|volume=8|issue=2|pages=183–204|doi=10.1177/074355489382004|s2cid=143775884}}</ref> A meta-study of the Coping with Depression course, a cognitive behavioral intervention delivered by a psychoeducational method, saw a 38% reduction in risk of major depression.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cuijpers P, Muñoz RF, Clarke GN, Lewinsohn PM | title = Psychoeducational treatment and prevention of depression: the "Coping with Depression" course thirty years later | journal = Clinical Psychology Review | volume = 29 | issue = 5 | pages = 449–458 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19450912 | doi = 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.04.005 }}</ref>

===Bipolar disorder===
Many studies show CBT, combined with pharmacotherapy, is effective in improving depressive symptoms, [[mania]] severity and psychosocial functioning with mild to moderate effects, and that it is better than medication alone.<ref name="daCostaRT">{{cite journal | vauthors = da Costa RT, Rangé BP, Malagris LE, Sardinha A, de Carvalho MR, Nardi AE | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for bipolar disorder | journal = Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics | volume = 10 | issue = 7 | pages = 1089–1099 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20586690 | doi = 10.1586/ern.10.75 | s2cid = 20590868 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chiang KJ, Tsai JC, Liu D, Lin CH, Chiu HL, Chou KR | title = Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy in patients with bipolar disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = e0176849 | date = 4 May 2017 | pmid = 28472082 | pmc = 5417606 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0176849 | bibcode = 2017PLoSO..1276849C | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Kingdon">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kingdon D, Price J |title = Cognitive-behavioral Therapy in Severe Mental Illness|journal = Psychiatric Times|volume = 26|issue = 5|date = 17 April 2009|url = https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-severe-mental-illness}}</ref>

[[INSERM]]'s 2004 review found that CBT is an effective therapy for several mental disorders, including bipolar disorder.<ref name="INSERM" /> This included schizophrenia, [[Depression (mood)|depression]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[panic disorder]], [[Post-traumatic stress disorder|post-traumatic stress]], anxiety disorders, [[bulimia]], [[Anorexia nervosa|anorexia]], personality disorders and [[Alcoholism|alcohol dependency]].<ref name="INSERM" />

===Psychosis===
In long-term [[Psychosis|psychoses]], CBT is used to complement medication and is adapted to meet individual needs. Interventions particularly related to these conditions include exploring reality testing, changing delusions and hallucinations, examining factors which precipitate relapse, and managing relapses.<ref name="GutierrezM" /> Meta-analyses confirm the effectiveness of [[metacognitive training]] (MCT) for the improvement of positive symptoms (e.g., delusions).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu YC, Tang CC, Hung TT, Tsai PC, Lin MF | title = The Efficacy of Metacognitive Training for Delusions in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Informs Evidence-Based Practice | journal = Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 130–139 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29489070 | doi = 10.1111/wvn.12282 | s2cid = 4328727 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sauvé G, Lavigne KM, Pochiet G, Brodeur MB, Lepage M | title = Efficacy of psychological interventions targeting cognitive biases in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Clinical Psychology Review | volume = 78 | page = 101854 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32361339 | doi = 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101854 | s2cid = 218490087 | url = https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/articles/05741x60t }}</ref> <!-- cites previous two sentences -->

For people at risk of [[psychosis]], in 2014 the UK [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)]] recommended preventive CBT.<ref name="thementalelf.net">{{cite web|date=19 February 2014|title=Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: updated NICE guidance for 2014|url=http://www.thementalelf.net/treatment-and-prevention/medicines/antipsychotics/psychosis-and-schizophrenia-in-adults-updated-nice-guidance-for-2014/|work=National Elf Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Psychosis and schizophrenia|url=http://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/psychosis-and-schizophrenia#path=view%3A/pathways/psychosis-and-schizophrenia/prevention-in-adults-at-risk-of-developing-psychosis.xml&content=view-node%3Anodes-interventions-to-prevent-psychosis|work=nice.org.uk|access-date=25 July 2016|archive-date=20 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420143334/https://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/psychosis-and-schizophrenia#path=view%3A/pathways/psychosis-and-schizophrenia/prevention-in-adults-at-risk-of-developing-psychosis.xml&content=view-node%3Anodes-interventions-to-prevent-psychosis|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Schizophrenia===
[[INSERM]]'s 2004 review found that CBT is an effective therapy for several mental disorders, including schizophrenia.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2010-01-03 |title=Cognitive behavioural therapy for major psychiatric disorder: does it really work? A meta-analytical review of well-controlled trials |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19476688/ |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=9–24 |doi=10.1017/S003329170900590X |issn=1469-8978 |pmid=19476688 |via=NIH|hdl=2299/5741 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="INSERM" />

A Cochrane review reported CBT had "no effect on long‐term risk of relapse" and no additional effect above standard care.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones C, Hacker D, Xia J, Meaden A, Irving CB, Zhao S, Chen J, Shi C | display-authors = 6 | title = Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for people with schizophrenia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2018 | issue = 12 | pages = CD007964 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30572373 | pmc = 6517137 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007964.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Schizophrenia Group }}</ref> A 2015 [[systematic review]] investigated the effects of CBT compared with other psychosocial therapies for people with schizophrenia and determined that there is no clear advantage over other, often less expensive, interventions but acknowledged that better quality evidence is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones C, Hacker D, Meaden A, Cormac I, Irving CB, Xia J, Zhao S, Shi C, Chen J | display-authors = 6 | title = Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for people with schizophrenia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 11 | issue = 6 | pages = CD008712 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30480760 | pmc = 6516879 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008712.pub3 }}</ref>

===Addiction and substance use disorders===
====Pathological and problem gambling====
CBT is also used for [[problem gambling|pathological and problem gambling]]. The percentage of people who problem gamble is 1–3% around the world.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Okuda M, Balán I, Petry NM, Oquendo M, Blanco C | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for pathological gambling: cultural considerations | journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 166 | issue = 12 | pages = 1325–1330 | date = December 2009 | pmid = 19952084 | pmc = 2789341 | doi = 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08081235 }}</ref> Cognitive behavioral therapy develops skills for relapse prevention and someone can learn to control their mind and manage high-risk cases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.antonpsych.org/~antonpsy/ieadmin/files/Stop_Addictions_Now.pdf|title=Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy for Pathological Gamblers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919030318/http://www.antonpsych.org/~antonpsy/ieadmin/files/Stop_Addictions_Now.pdf|archive-date=19 September 2016}}</ref> There is evidence of efficacy of CBT for treating pathological and problem gambling at immediate follow up, however the longer term efficacy of CBT for it is currently unknown.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cowlishaw S, Merkouris S, Dowling N, Anderson C, Jackson A, Thomas S | title = Psychological therapies for pathological and problem gambling | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 11 | pages = CD008937 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 23152266 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008937.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group | pmc = 11955261 }}</ref>

====Smoking cessation====
CBT looks at the habit of smoking cigarettes as a learned behavior, which later evolves into a coping strategy to handle daily stressors. Since smoking is often easily accessible and quickly allows the user to feel good, it can take precedence over other coping strategies, and eventually work its way into everyday life during non-stressful events as well. CBT aims to target the function of the behavior, as it can vary between individuals, and works to inject other coping mechanisms in place of smoking. CBT also aims to support individuals with strong cravings, which are a major reported reason for relapse during treatment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abct.org/Information/?m=mInformation&fa=fs_TOBACCO|title=Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies; Tobacco Dependence |website=Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies|date=11 March 2021 }}</ref>

A 2008 controlled study out of Stanford University School of Medicine suggested CBT may be an effective tool to help maintain abstinence. The results of 304 random adult participants were tracked over the course of one year. During this program, some participants were provided medication, CBT, 24-hour phone support, or some combination of the three methods. At 20 weeks, the participants who received CBT had a 45% abstinence rate, versus non-CBT participants, who had a 29% abstinence rate. Overall, the study concluded that emphasizing cognitive and behavioral strategies to support smoking cessation can help individuals build tools for long term smoking abstinence.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Killen JD, Fortmann SP, Schatzberg AF, Arredondo C, Murphy G, Hayward C, Celio M, Cromp D, Fong D, Pandurangi M | display-authors = 6 | title = Extended cognitive behavior therapy for cigarette smoking cessation | journal = Addiction | volume = 103 | issue = 8 | pages = 1381–1390 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18855829 | pmc = 4119230 | doi = 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02273.x }}</ref>

Mental health history can affect the outcomes of treatment. Individuals with a history of depressive disorders had a lower rate of success when using CBT alone to combat smoking addiction.<ref name="pmid12924670">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hitsman B, Borrelli B, McChargue DE, Spring B, Niaura R | title = History of depression and smoking cessation outcome: a meta-analysis | journal = Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology | volume = 71 | issue = 4 | pages = 657–663 | date = August 2003 | pmid = 12924670 | doi = 10.1037/0022-006X.71.4.657 | s2cid = 524006 | url = http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1261&context=psychfacpub }}</ref>

A 2019 Cochrane review was unable to find sufficient evidence to differentiate effects between CBT and hypnosis for smoking cessation and highlighted that a review of the current research showed variable results for both modalities.<ref name="pmid31198991">{{cite journal | vauthors = Barnes J, McRobbie H, Dong CY, Walker N, Hartmann-Boyce J | title = Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2019 | issue = 6 | pages = CD001008 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31198991 | pmc = 6568235 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001008.pub3 }}</ref>

====Substance use disorders====
{{Disputed section|date=May 2024}}
Studies have shown CBT to be an effective treatment for substance use disorders.<ref name="McHughRK" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Magill M, Ray LA | title = Cognitive-behavioral treatment with adult alcohol and illicit drug users: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs | volume = 70 | issue = 4 | pages = 516–527 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19515291 | pmc = 2696292 | doi = 10.15288/jsad.2009.70.516 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Perry AE, Martyn-St James M, Burns L, Hewitt C, Glanville JM, Aboaja A, Thakkar P, Santosh Kumar KM, Pearson C, Wright K | display-authors = 6 | title = Interventions for female drug-using offenders | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2019 | issue = 12 | pages = CD010910 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31834635 | pmc = 6910124 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010910.pub3 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boness |first=Cassandra L. |last2=Votaw |first2=Victoria R. |last3=Schwebel |first3=Frank J. |last4=Moniz-Lewis |first4=David I. K. |last5=McHugh |first5=R. Kathryn |last6=Witkiewitz |first6=Katie |date=27 February 2023 |title=An evaluation of cognitive behavioral therapy for substance use disorders: A systematic review and application of the society of clinical psychology criteria for empirically supported treatments. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/cps0000131 |journal=Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice |language=en |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=129–142 |doi=10.1037/cps0000131 |issn=1468-2850 |pmc=10572095 |pmid=37840853}}</ref> For individuals with substance use disorders, CBT aims to reframe maladaptive thoughts, such as denial, minimizing and catastrophizing thought patterns, with healthier narratives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sprouthealthgroup.com/treatments/what-is-cognitive-behavioral-therapy/|title=What Is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy? Expert Dr. Mendonsa Explains|date=21 October 2019|website=Sprout Health Group|language=en-US|access-date=15 November 2019}}</ref> Specific techniques include identifying potential triggers and developing coping mechanisms to manage high-risk situations. Research has shown CBT to be particularly effective when combined with other therapy-based treatments or medication.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition/evidence-based-approaches-to-drug-addiction-treatment/behavioral|title=Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Nicotine)|author=National Institute on Drug Abuse|website=drugabuse.gov|language=en|access-date=15 November 2019|archive-date=4 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604151236/https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition/evidence-based-approaches-to-drug-addiction-treatment/behavioral|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[INSERM]]'s 2004 review found that CBT is an effective therapy for several mental disorders, including [[Alcoholism|alcohol dependency]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name="INSERM" />

====Internet addiction====
Research has identified [[Internet addiction disorder|Internet addiction]] as a new clinical disorder that causes relational, occupational, and social problems. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been suggested as the treatment of choice for Internet addiction, and addiction recovery in general has used CBT as part of treatment planning.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Young K |year=2011|title=CBT-IA: The First Treatment Model for Internet Addiction|url=http://netaddiction.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/JCP.CBT-IA.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/http://netaddiction.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/JCP.CBT-IA.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10 |url-status=live|journal=Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy|volume=25|issue=4|pages=304–310|doi=10.1891/0889-8391.25.4.304|s2cid=144190312}}</ref>

===Eating disorders===
{{main|Cognitive behavioral treatment of eating disorders}}

Though many forms of [[Eating disorder#Treatment|treatment]] can support individuals with eating disorders, CBT is proven to be a more effective treatment than medications and interpersonal psychotherapy alone.<ref name="MurphyR" /><ref name="Agras" /> CBT aims to combat major causes of distress such as negative cognitions surrounding body weight, shape and size. CBT therapists also work with individuals to regulate strong emotions and thoughts that lead to dangerous compensatory behaviors. CBT is the first line of treatment for [[Bulimia nervosa#Psychotherapy|bulimia nervosa]], and non-specific eating disorders.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Linardon J, Wade TD, de la Piedad Garcia X, Brennan L | title = The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology | volume = 85 | issue = 11 | pages = 1080–1094 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29083223 | doi = 10.1037/ccp0000245 | s2cid = 8002347 }}</ref> While there is evidence to support the efficacy of CBT for bulimia nervosa and binging, the evidence is somewhat variable and limited by small study sizes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hay PP, Bacaltchuk J, Stefano S, Kashyap P | title = Psychological treatments for bulimia nervosa and binging | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 4 | pages = CD000562 | date = October 2009 | volume = 2009 | pmid = 19821271 | pmc = 7034415 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000562.pub3 | collaboration = Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group }}</ref> [[INSERM]]'s 2004 review found that CBT is an effective therapy for several mental disorders, including [[bulimia]] and [[anorexia nervosa]].<ref name="INSERM" />

===With autistic adults===
Emerging evidence for cognitive behavioral interventions aimed at reducing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder in [[Autism spectrum|autistic]] adults without intellectual disability has been identified through a systematic review.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Benevides TW, Shore SM, Andresen ML, Caplan R, Cook B, Gassner DL, Erves JM, Hazlewood TM, King MC, Morgan L, Murphy LE, Purkis Y, Rankowski B, Rutledge SM, Welch SP, Wittig K | display-authors = 6 | title = Interventions to address health outcomes among autistic adults: A systematic review | journal = Autism | volume = 24 | issue = 6 | pages = 1345–1359 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32390461 | pmc = 7787674 | doi = 10.1177/1362361320913664 | doi-access = free }}</ref> While the research was focused on adults, cognitive behavioral interventions have also been beneficial to autistic children.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wood JJ, Drahota A, Sze K, Har K, Chiu A, Langer DA | title = Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized, controlled trial | journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 224–234 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19309326 | pmc = 4231198 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01948.x }}</ref>  A 2021 Cochrane review found limited evidence regarding the efficacy of CBT for obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder stating a need for further study.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Elliott SJ, Marshall D, Morley K, Uphoff E, Kumar M, Meader N | title = Behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2021 | issue = 9 | pages = CD013173 | date = September 2021 | pmid = 34693989 | pmc = 8543671 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD013173.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group }}</ref>

===Dementia and mild cognitive impairment===
A Cochrane review in 2022 found that adults with [[dementia]] and [[Mild cognitive impairment|mild cognitive impairment (MCI)]] who experience symptoms of depression may benefit from CBT, whereas other counselling or supportive interventions might not improve symptoms significantly.<ref name="Orgeta_2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Orgeta V, Leung P, Del-Pino-Casado R, Qazi A, Orrell M, Spector AE, Methley AM | title = Psychological treatments for depression and anxiety in dementia and mild cognitive impairment | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2022 | issue = 4 | pages = CD009125 | date = April 2022 | pmid = 35466396 | pmc = 9035877 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009125.pub3 }}</ref> Across 5 different psychometric scales, where higher scores indicate severity of depression, adults receiving CBT reported somewhat lower mood scores than those receiving usual care for dementia and MCI overall.<ref name="Orgeta_2022" />  In this review, a sub-group analysis found [[clinically significant]] benefits only among those diagnosed with dementia, rather than MCI.<ref name="Orgeta_2022" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Andrade C | title = Mean Difference, Standardized Mean Difference (SMD), and Their Use in Meta-Analysis: As Simple as It Gets | journal = The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | volume = 81 | issue = 5 | pages = 20f13681 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32965803 | doi = 10.4088/JCP.20f13681 | s2cid = 221865130 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

The likelihood of remission from depression also appeared to be 84% higher following CBT, though the evidence for this was less certain. Anxiety, cognition and other neuropsychiatric symptoms were not significantly improved following CBT, however this review did find moderate evidence of improved quality of life and daily living activity scores in those with dementia and MCI.<ref name="Orgeta_2022" />

=== Post-traumatic stress ===
Cognitive behavioral therapy interventions may have some benefits for people who have post-traumatic stress related to surviving rape, sexual abuse, or sexual assault.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Doherty L, Whelan M, Carter GJ, Brown K, Tarzia L, Hegarty K, Feder G, Brown SJ | display-authors = 6 | title = Psychosocial interventions for survivors of rape and sexual assault experienced during adulthood | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2023 | issue = 10 | pages = CD013456 | date = October 2023 | pmid = 37795783 | pmc = 10552071 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD013456.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group }}</ref> There is strong evidence that CBT-exposure therapy can reduce PTSD symptoms and lead to the loss of a PTSD diagnosis.<ref>{{cite report |title=Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Adults With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review Update |date=17 May 2018 |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |doi=10.23970/ahrqepccer207 |pmid=30204376 |doi-access=free |vauthors=Forman-Hoffman V, Middleton JC, Feltner C, Gaynes BN, Weber RP, Bann C, Viswanathan M, Lohr KN, Baker C, Green J |display-authors=6 |publication-place=Rockville, MD}}</ref> In addition, CBT has also been shown to be effective for post-traumatic stress disorder in very young children (3 to 6 years of age).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Scheeringa MS, Weems CF, Cohen JA, Amaya-Jackson L, Guthrie D |date=August 2011 |title=Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in three-through six year-old children: a randomized clinical trial |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |volume=52 |issue=8 |pages=853–860 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02354.x |pmc=3116969 |pmid=21155776}}</ref> There is lower quality evidence that CBT may be more effective than other psychotherapies in reducing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gillies D, Maiocchi L, Bhandari AP, Taylor F, Gray C, O'Brien L |date=October 2016 |title=Psychological therapies for children and adolescents exposed to trauma |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2016 |issue=10 |pages=CD012371 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012371 |pmc=6457979 |pmid=27726123 |collaboration=Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group}}</ref>

===Other uses===
Evidence suggests a possible role for CBT in the treatment of [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD),<ref name="KnouseLE">{{cite journal | vauthors = Knouse LE, Safren SA | title = Current status of cognitive behavioral therapy for adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder | journal = The Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 497–509 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20599129 | pmc = 2909688 | doi = 10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.001 }}</ref> [[hypochondriasis]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomson AB, Page LA | title = Psychotherapies for hypochondriasis | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 4 | pages = CD006520 | date = October 2007 | volume = 2007 | pmid = 17943915 | pmc = 6956615 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006520.pub2 | veditors = Thomson A }}</ref> and bipolar disorder,<ref name="daCostaRT" /> but more study is needed and results should be interpreted with caution. Moderate evidence from a 2024 systematic review supports the effectiveness of CBT and neurofeedback as part of [[psychosocial]] interventions for improving ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=Bradley S. |last2=Trampush |first2=Joey |last3=Maglione |first3=Margaret |last4=Bolshakova |first4=Maria |last5=Rozelle |first5=Mary |last6=Miles |first6=Jeremy |last7=Pakdaman |first7=Sheila |last8=Brown |first8=Morah |last9=Yagyu |first9=Sachi |last10=Motala |first10=Aneesa |last11=Hempel |first11=Susanne |date=2024-04-01 |title=Treatments for ADHD in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review |url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/153/4/e2024065787/196922/Treatments-for-ADHD-in-Children-and-Adolescents-A |journal=Pediatrics |language=en |volume=153 |issue=4 |doi=10.1542/peds.2024-065787 |pmid=38523592 |issn=0031-4005}}</ref>

CBT has been studied as an aid in the treatment of anxiety associated with [[stuttering]]. Initial studies have shown CBT to be effective in reducing social anxiety in adults who stutter,<ref name="pmid21705407">{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Brian S, Onslow M | title = Clinical management of stuttering in children and adults | journal = BMJ | volume = 342 | pages = d3742 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21705407 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.d3742 | s2cid = 26821286 }}</ref> but not in reducing stuttering frequency.<ref name="pmid21478283">{{cite journal | vauthors = Iverach L, Menzies RG, O'Brian S, Packman A, Onslow M | title = Anxiety and stuttering: continuing to explore a complex relationship | journal = American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 221–232 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21478283 | doi = 10.1044/1058-0360(2011/10-0091) }}</ref><ref name="pmid19948272">{{cite journal | vauthors = Menzies RG, Onslow M, Packman A, O'Brian S | title = Cognitive behavior therapy for adults who stutter: a tutorial for speech-language pathologists | journal = Journal of Fluency Disorders | volume = 34 | issue = 3 | pages = 187–200 | date = September 2009 | pmid = 19948272 | doi = 10.1016/j.jfludis.2009.09.002 | s2cid = 38492355 }}</ref>

There is some evidence that CBT is superior in the long-term to [[benzodiazepine]]s and the [[nonbenzodiazepine]]s in the treatment and management of [[insomnia]].<ref name="Mitchell-2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mitchell MD, Gehrman P, Perlis M, Umscheid CA | title = Comparative effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systematic review | journal = BMC Family Practice | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | page = 40 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22631616 | pmc = 3481424 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2296-13-40 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Computerized CBT (CCBT) has been proven to be effective by randomized controlled and other trials in treating insomnia.<ref name="DoisleepMissing">{{cite journal | vauthors = Espie CA, Kyle SD, Williams C, Ong JC, Douglas NJ, Hames P, Brown JS | title = A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of online cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia disorder delivered via an automated media-rich web application | journal = Sleep | volume = 35 | issue = 6 | pages = 769–781 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22654196 | pmc = 3353040 | doi = 10.5665/sleep.1872 }}</ref> Some research has found similar effectiveness to an intervention of informational websites and weekly telephone calls.<ref name="Schneider" /><ref name="MoodGym no better than informational websites_2012" /> CCBT was found to be equally effective as face-to-face CBT in [[insomnia]].<ref name="DoisleepMissing" />

A Cochrane review of interventions aimed at preventing psychological stress in healthcare workers found that CBT was more effective than no intervention but no more effective than alternative stress-reduction interventions.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tamminga SJ, Emal LM, Boschman JS, Levasseur A, Thota A, Ruotsalainen JH, Schelvis RM, Nieuwenhuijsen K, van der Molen HF | display-authors = 6 | title = Individual-level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2023 | issue = 5 | pages = CD002892 | date = May 2023 | pmid = 37169364 | pmc = 10175042 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD002892.pub6 }}</ref>

Cochrane Reviews have found no convincing evidence that CBT training helps [[foster care]] providers manage difficult behaviors in the youths under their care,<ref name="Turner W, Macdonald GM, Dennis JA 2007 CD003760">{{cite journal | vauthors = Turner W, Macdonald GM, Dennis JA | title = Cognitive-behavioural training interventions for assisting foster carers in the management of difficult behaviour | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 1 | pages = CD003760 | date = January 2007 | volume = 2007 | pmid = 17253496 | pmc = 8728638 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003760.pub3 | veditors = Turner W | s2cid = 43214648}}</ref> nor was it helpful in treating people who [[Domestic violence|abuse]] their intimate partners.<ref name="Smedslund G, Dalsbø TK, Steiro AK, Winsvold A, Clench-Aas J 2007 CD006048">{{cite journal | vauthors = Smedslund G, Dalsbø TK, Steiro AK, Winsvold A, Clench-Aas J | title = Cognitive behavioural therapy for men who physically abuse their female partner | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 3 | pages = CD006048 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17636823 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006048.pub2 | veditors = Smedslund G | s2cid = 41205102 | pmc = 12047670 }}</ref>

CBT has been applied in both clinical and non-clinical environments to treat disorders such as personality disorders and behavioral problems.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Butler AC, Chapman JE, Forman EM, Beck AT | title = The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses | journal = Clinical Psychology Review | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 17–31 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16199119 | doi = 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.003 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.413.7178 | s2cid = 8511716 }}</ref> [[INSERM]]'s 2004 review found that CBT is an effective therapy for personality disorders.<ref name="INSERM" />

CBT has been used with other researchers as well to minimize [[chronic pain]] and help relieve symptoms from those suffering from [[irritable bowel syndrome]] (IBS).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lackner JM, Keefer L, Jaccard J, Firth R, Brenner D, Bratten J, Dunlap LJ, Ma C, Byroads M | display-authors = 6 | title = The Irritable Bowel Syndrome Outcome Study (IBSOS): rationale and design of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with 12 month follow up of self- versus clinician-administered CBT for moderate to severe irritable bowel syndrome | journal = Contemporary Clinical Trials | volume = 33 | issue = 6 | pages = 1293–1310 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 22846389 | pmc = 3468694 | doi = 10.1016/j.cct.2012.07.013 }}</ref>

====Individuals with medical conditions====
In the case of people with [[metastatic breast cancer]], data is limited but CBT and other psychosocial interventions might help with psychological outcomes and pain management.<ref name="Mustafa2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mustafa M, Carson-Stevens A, Gillespie D, Edwards AG | title = Psychological interventions for women with metastatic breast cancer | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 6 | pages = CD004253 | date = June 2013 | volume = 2015 | pmid = 23737397 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004253.pub4 | pmc = 11032751 }}</ref> There is also some evidence that CBT may help reduce insomnia in cancer patients.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Jillian A. |last2=Rash |first2=Joshua A. |last3=Campbell |first3=Tavis S. |last4=Savard |first4=Josée |last5=Gehrman |first5=Philip R. |last6=Perlis |first6=Michael |last7=Carlson |first7=Linda E. |last8=Garland |first8=Sheila N. |date=2016-06-01 |title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in cancer survivors |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1087079215000921?via=ihub |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=27 |pages=20–28 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2015.07.001 |issn=1087-0792}}</ref> 

There is some evidence that using CBT for symptomatic management of non-specific chest pain is probably effective in the short term. However, the findings were limited by small trials and the evidence was considered of questionable quality.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kisely SR, Campbell LA, Yelland MJ, Paydar A | title = Psychological interventions for symptomatic management of non-specific chest pain in patients with normal coronary anatomy | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2021 | issue = 6 | pages = CD004101 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26123045 | pmc = 6599861 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.cd004101.pub5 }}</ref> [[Cochrane Collaboration|Cochrane reviews]] have found no evidence that CBT is effective for [[tinnitus]], although there appears to be an effect on management of associated depression and quality of life in this condition.<ref name="Martinez-Devesa P, Perera R, Theodoulou M, Waddell A 2010 CD005233">{{cite journal | vauthors = Martinez-Devesa P, Perera R, Theodoulou M, Waddell A | title = Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 9 | pages = CD005233 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20824844 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005233.pub3 | veditors = Martinez-Devesa P | type = Submitted manuscript }}</ref> CBT combined with hypnosis and distraction reduces self-reported pain in children.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Robertson J | title = Review: distraction, hypnosis, and combined cognitive-behavioural interventions reduce needle related pain and distress in children and adolescents | journal = Evidence-Based Nursing | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | page = 75 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17596380 | doi = 10.1136/ebn.10.3.75 | s2cid = 34364928 }}</ref>

There is limited evidence to support CBT's use in managing the impact of [[multiple sclerosis]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomas PW, Thomas S, Hillier C, Galvin K, Baker R | title = Psychological interventions for multiple sclerosis | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2010 | issue = 1 | pages = CD004431 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16437487 | pmc = 8406851 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004431.pub2 | veditors = Thomas PW }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-01 |title=Comparing Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis-Related Fatigue - Evidence Update for Clinicians {{!}} PCORI |url=https://www.pcori.org/evidence-updates/comparing-treatments-multiple-sclerosis-related-fatigue |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=www.pcori.org |language=en}}</ref> sleep disturbances related to aging,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Montgomery P, Dennis J | title = Cognitive behavioural interventions for sleep problems in adults aged 60+ | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 1 | pages = CD003161 | date = 2003 | pmid = 12535460 | pmc = 6991159 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003161 }}</ref> and [[dysmenorrhea]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Proctor ML, Murphy PA, Pattison HM, Suckling J, Farquhar CM | title = Behavioural interventions for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 3 | pages = CD002248 | date = July 2007 | volume = 2007 | pmid = 17636702 | pmc = 7137212 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD002248.pub3 | veditors = Proctor M }}</ref> but more study is needed and results should be interpreted with caution.

Previously CBT has been considered as moderately effective for treating [[myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome]] (ME/CFS),<ref name="cbt_systematic_review">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chambers D, Bagnall AM, Hempel S, Forbes C | title = Interventions for the treatment, management and rehabilitation of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: an updated systematic review | journal = Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine | volume = 99 | issue = 10 | pages = 506–520 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17021301 | pmc = 1592057 | doi = 10.1177/014107680609901012 }}</ref> however a [[National Institutes of Health]] Pathways to Prevention Workshop stated that in respect of improving treatment options for ME/CFS that the modest benefit from cognitive behavioral therapy should be studied as an adjunct to other methods.<ref name="Position Papers">{{cite journal | vauthors = Green CR, Cowan P, Elk R, O'Neil KM, Rasmussen AL | title = National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop: Advancing the Research on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 162 | issue = 12 | pages = 860–865 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26075757 | doi = 10.7326/M15-0338 | s2cid = 24156332 }}</ref> The [[Centres for Disease Control]] advice on the treatment of ME/CFS<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/treatment/index.html|title=Treatment of ME/CFS &#124; Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) &#124; CDC|date=11 February 2021|website=www.cdc.gov}}</ref> makes no reference to CBT while the [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng206/chapter/Recommendations#managing-mecfs|title=Recommendations &#124; Myalgic encephalomyelitis (or encephalopathy)/chronic fatigue syndrome: diagnosis and management &#124; Guidance &#124; NICE|website=www.nice.org.uk|date=29 October 2021 }}</ref> states that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has sometimes been assumed to be a cure for ME/CFS, however, it should only be offered to support people who live with ME/CFS to manage their symptoms, improve their functioning and reduce the distress associated with having a chronic illness. 

===Age===
CBT is used to help people of all ages, but the therapy should be adjusted based on the age of the patient with whom the therapist is dealing. Older individuals in particular have certain characteristics that need to be acknowledged and the therapy altered to account for these differences thanks to age.<ref name="Bienenfeld">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bienenfeld D |year=2009 |title=Cognitive therapy with older adults |journal=Psychiatric Annals |volume=39 |issue=9 |pages=828–832 |doi=10.3928/00485713-20090821-02}}</ref> Of the small number of studies examining CBT for the management of depression in older people, there is currently no strong support.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilson KC, Mottram PG, Vassilas CA |date=January 2008 |title=Psychotherapeutic treatments for older depressed people |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=1 |pages=CD004853 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004853.pub2 |pmid=18254062 |collaboration=Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group}}</ref>