Editing Civil and political rights (section)

==First-generation rights==
First-generation rights, often called "blue" rights,{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} deal essentially with liberty and participation in political life. They are fundamentally civil and political in nature, as well as strongly [[individual and group rights|individualistic]]: They serve [[negative and positive rights|negatively to protect]] the individual from excesses of the state. First-generation rights include, among other things, [[freedom of speech]], the [[right to a fair trial]], (in some countries) the [[right to keep and bear arms]], [[freedom of religion]], [[freedom from discrimination]], and [[voting rights]]. They were pioneered in the seventeenth and eighteenth-century during the [[Age of Enlightenment]]. Political theories associated with the English, American, and French revolutions were codified in the [[English Bill of Rights]] in 1689 (a restatement of [[Rights of Englishmen]], some dating back to [[Magna Carta]] in 1215) and more fully in the French [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] in 1789 and the [[United States Bill of Rights]] in 1791.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Domaradzki|first1=Spasimir|last2=Khvostova|first2=Margaryta|last3=Pupovac|first3=David|date=2019-12-01|title=Karel Vasak's Generations of Rights and the Contemporary Human Rights Discourse|journal=Human Rights Review|language=en|volume=20|issue=4|pages=423–443|doi=10.1007/s12142-019-00565-x|issn=1874-6306|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Types and Generations of Human Rights|url=https://faculty.chass.ncsu.edu/slatta/hi216/hrtypes.htm|access-date=2020-10-30|website=faculty.chass.ncsu.edu|archive-date=2020-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104182833/https://faculty.chass.ncsu.edu/slatta/hi216/hrtypes.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

They were enshrined at the global level and given status in [[international law]] first by Articles 3 to 21 of the 1948 [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] and later in the 1966 [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]]. In Europe, they were enshrined in the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] in 1953.