Editing City-state (section)

===Southeast Asia===
In the history of [[Mainland Southeast Asia]], aristocratic groups, Buddhist leaders, and others organized settlements into autonomous or semi-autonomous city-states. These were referred to as ''[[mueang]]'', and were usually related in a tributary relationship now described as [[Mandala (political model)|mandala]] or as ''over-lapping sovereignty'', in which smaller city-states paid tribute to larger ones that paid tribute to still larger ones—until reaching the apex in cities like [[Ayutthaya (city)|Ayutthaya]], [[Bagan]], [[Bangkok]] and others that served as centers of Southeast Asian royalty. The system existed until the 19th century, when [[colonization]] by European powers occurred. [[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Siam]], a regional power at the time, needed to define their territories for negotiation with the European powers so the Siamese government established a [[nation-state]] system, incorporated their tributary cities ([[Lan Xang]], [[Dark Ages of Cambodia|Cambodia]] and some Malay cities) into their territory and abolished the mueang and the tributary system.<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1            = Scott
 |first1           = James C.
 |author-link1     = James C. Scott
 |title            = The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia
 |year            = 2009
 |url              = https://archive.org/details/artofnotbeinggov0000scot
 |url-access       = registration
 |series           = Yale agrarian studies
 |publisher        = Yale University Press
 |publication-date = 2009
 |isbn             = 9780300156522
 |access-date      = 2017-10-08
 |df               = dmy-all
}}
</ref>{{request quotation|date=October 2017}}<ref>Winichakul, Thongchai. 1997. Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press</ref><ref>Baker, Chris and Pasuk Phongpaichit. 2009. ''A History of Thailand: 2nd ed.'' Sydney: Cambridge University Press</ref>

In early Philippine history, the [[Barangay state|barangay]] was a complex sociopolitical unit which scholars have historically<ref name="ManoloQuezon20171002">{{Cite news |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/10/02/17/opinion-bamboozled-by-the-barangay |title=The Explainer: Bamboozled by the barangay |last=Quezon |first=Manolo |date=2017-10-02 |work=ABS-CBN News |access-date=2017-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002143838/http://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/10/02/17/opinion-bamboozled-by-the-barangay |archive-date=2017-10-02 |url-status=live |language=en-US |author-link=Manolo Quezon}}</ref> considered the dominant organizational pattern among the various [[Filipinos|peoples]] of the [[Geography of the Philippines|Philippine archipelago]].<ref name="Junker2000">{{Cite book |last=Junker |first=Laura Lee |title=Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press
|year=2000 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Lbsfi30OXgMC&pg=PA74 74], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Lbsfi30OXgMC&pg=PA130 130] |isbn=9789715503471 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lbsfi30OXgMC}} {{ISBN|971-550-347-0}}, {{ISBN|978-971-550-347-1}}.</ref> These sociopolitical units were sometimes also referred to as barangay states, but are more properly referred to using the technical term ''[[polity]]''.<ref name="Junker2000"/><ref name="Junker1990">{{cite journal | title=The Organization of Intra-Regional and Long-Distance Trade in Pre-Hispanic Philippine Complex Societies | author=Junker, Laura Lee | journal=Asian Perspectives | year=1990 | volume=29 | issue=2 | pages=167–209}}</ref> Evidence suggests a considerable degree of independence as city states ruled by [[Datu]]s, [[Raja]]hs and [[Sultan]]s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ&q=Barangay+city-states&pg=PA108|title=Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Cities|first1=Michael|last1=Carley|first2=Harry|last2=Smith|date=5 November 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134200504|access-date=7 May 2018|via=Google Books|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204182628/https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108&dq=Barangay+city-states&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnrM3VlIzZAhWFv7wKHWDWCaUQ6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q=Barangay+city-states&f=false|archive-date=4 February 2018}}</ref> Early chroniclers<ref name="Plasencia1589">{{Cite web |last=Plasencia |first=Fray Juan de |title=Customs of the Tagalogs |location=[[Nagcarlan, Laguna]] |year=1589 |url=http://www.filipiniana.net/Search.do?searchString=%20Plasencia,%20Juan%20de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123052115/http://www.filipiniana.net/Search.do?searchString=%20Plasencia%2C%20Juan%20de |archive-date=23 January 2009}}</ref> record that the name evolved from the term ''[[balangay]]'', which refers to a plank boat widely used by various cultures of the Philippine archipelago prior to the arrival of European colonizers.<ref name="Junker2000"/>