Editing Christendom (section)

===Reformation and Early Modern era===
{{Further|Reformation|Counter-Reformation|History of Protestantism|European wars of religion}}
{{Further|Ottoman wars in Europe|History of the Russo-Turkish wars|History of the Serbian–Turkish wars}}
{{Further|Jesuit China missions|Spanish missions in the Americas}}

Developments in [[western philosophy]] and European events brought change to the notion of the ''Corpus Christianum''. The [[Hundred Years' War]] accelerated the process of transforming France from a feudal monarchy to a centralized state. The rise of [[Absolutism (European history)|strong, centralized monarchies]]<ref>This was presaging the modern [[nation-state]]</ref> denoted the European transition from [[feudalism]] to [[capitalism]]. By the end of the Hundred Years' War, both France and England were able to raise enough money through taxation to create independent standing armies. In the [[Wars of the Roses]], [[Henry VII of England|Henry Tudor]] took the crown of England. His heir, the [[Absolutism (European history)|absolute]] king [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] establishing the [[Church of England|English church]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://anglican.org/church/ChurchHistory.html| title = The Anglican Domain: Church History}}</ref>

In [[modern history]], [[the Reformation]] and rise of [[modernity]] in the early 16th century entailed a change in the ''Corpus Christianum''. In the [[Holy Roman Empire]], the [[Peace of Augsburg]] of 1555 officially ended the idea among secular leaders that all Christians must be united under one church.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-18 |title=Peace of Augsburg {{!}} Germany [1555], Religion & Politics {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Augsburg |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The principle of ''[[cuius regio, eius religio]]'' ("whose the region is, his religion") established the religious, political and geographic divisions of Christianity, and this was established with the [[Treaty of Westphalia]] in 1648, which legally ended the concept of a single Christian hegemony in the territories of the Holy Roman Empire, despite the [[Catholic Church]]'s doctrine that it alone is the one true Church founded by Christ.<ref name="Excerpts">{{cite web |title=The Peace of Westphalia |url=https://pages.uoregon.edu/dluebke/301ModernEurope/Treaty%20of%20Westphalia%20%5BExcerpts%5D.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617200242/https://pages.uoregon.edu/dluebke/301ModernEurope/Treaty%20of%20Westphalia%20%5BExcerpts%5D.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2012 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=University of Oregon}}</ref>
Subsequently, each government determined the religion of their own state. Christians living in states where their denomination was ''not'' the established one were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will.<ref name="Excerpts" /> At times there were mass expulsions of dissenting faiths as happened with the [[Salzburg Protestants]]. Some people passed as adhering to the official church, but instead lived as [[Nicodemite]]s or [[crypto-protestantism|crypto-protestants]].<ref>Žalta, Anja. 2004. Protestantizem in bukovništvo med koroškimi Slovenci. ''Anthropos'' 36(1/4): 1–23, p. 7.</ref>

The [[European wars of religion]] are usually taken to have ended with the Treaty of Westphalia (1648),<ref name="Becker">{{cite book|first1=Uwe|last1=Becker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKqN5FPL6-cC&pg=PA54|title=Europese democratieën: vrijheid, gelijkheid, solidariteit en soevereiniteit in praktijk|isbn=90-5589-128-2|year=1999|publisher=Het Spinhuis}}</ref> or arguably, including the [[Nine Years' War]] and the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] in this period, with the [[Treaty of Utrecht]] of 1713.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 26, 2021|title=Wars of Religion|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Wars-of-Religion|access-date=June 26, 2021|website=Britannica Online}}</ref> In the 18th century, the focus shifts away from religious conflicts, either between Christian factions or against the external threat of Islamic factions.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}