Editing Chloroplast (section)

=== Glaucophyte chloroplasts ===
{{See also|Glaucophyte|}}{{Plain image with caption|image=Woelfib cyanphoraparadoxa teilungsfigur 1 0632002 img 54414492 ude 20131024233254 small.jpg|caption=The glaucophyte ''[[Cyanophora paradoxa]]'' with two chloroplasts in the process of dividing.|align=right}}
The glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages as there are only 25 described glaucophyte species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guiry |first=Michael D. |date=2 January 2024 |title=How many species of algae are there? A reprise. Four kingdoms, 14 phyla, 63 classes and still growing |journal=Journal of Phycology |language=en |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=214–228 |doi=10.1111/jpy.13431 |pmid=38245909 |bibcode=2024JPcgy..60..214G |issn=0022-3646|doi-access=free }}</ref> Glaucophytes diverged first before the red and green chloroplast lineages diverged.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Archibald |first=John M. |date=27 January 2009 |title=The Puzzle of Plastid Evolution |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982208014851 |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=R81–R88 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.067|pmid=19174147 |bibcode=2009CBio...19..R81A }}</ref> Because of this, they are sometimes considered intermediates between cyanobacteria and the red and green chloroplasts.<ref name="Miyagishima-2011">{{Cite journal |last=Miyagishima |first=Shin-ya |date=1 March 2011 |title=Mechanism of Plastid Division: From a Bacterium to an Organelle |journal=Plant Physiology |language=en |volume=155 |issue=4 |pages=1533–1544 |doi=10.1104/pp.110.170688 |issn=1532-2548 |pmc=3091088 |pmid=21311032}}</ref> This early divergence is supported by both [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] studies and physical features present in glaucophyte chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, but not the red and green chloroplasts. First, glaucophyte chloroplasts have a [[peptidoglycan]] wall, a type of cell wall otherwise only in bacteria (including cyanobacteria).<ref group="Note">For this reason, glaucophyte chloroplasts are also known as 'muroplasts' from the Latin ''muro'' meaning wall.</ref> Second, glaucophyte chloroplasts contain [[concentric]] unstacked [[thylakoid]]s which surround a [[carboxysome]] – an [[icosahedral]] structure that contains the enzyme [[RuBisCO]] responsible for [[carbon fixation]]. Third, starch created by the chloroplast is collected outside the chloroplast.<ref name="Wise-2006">{{Cite book |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0 |title=The Structure and Function of Plastids |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-1-4020-4060-3 |editor-last=Wise |editor-first=Robert R. |series=Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration |volume=23 |location=Dordrecht |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0 |editor-last2=Hoober |editor-first2=J. Kenneth}}</ref> Additionally, like cyanobacteria, both glaucophyte and rhodophyte thylakoids are studded with light collecting structures called [[phycobilisome]]s. 

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