Editing Chinatown, Manhattan (section)

===Post-1965 reform===
[[File:Chinatown manhattan 2009.JPG|thumb|upright=1.1|left|A typical scene on Pell Street, 2009]]

In the years after the United States enacted the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]], allowing many more immigrants from Asia into the country, the population of Chinatown increased dramatically. Geographically, much of the growth occurred in neighborhoods to the north. The Chinatown grew and became more oriented toward families due to the lifting of restrictions.<ref name=WangZhouFanp106/> In the earliest years of the existence of Manhattan's Chinatown, it had been primarily populated by [[Taishanese]]-speaking Chinese immigrants and the borderlines of the enclave was originally [[Canal Street (Manhattan)|Canal Street]] to the north, [[Bowery]] to the east, [[Worth Street]] to the south, and [[Mulberry Street (Manhattan)|Mulberry Street]] to the west.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

====Influx of immigrants from Hong Kong and Guangdong====
After 1965, there came a wave of Cantonese speakers from Hong Kong and Guangdong province in mainland China, and [[Standard Cantonese]] became the dominant tongue. With the influx of Hong Kong immigrants, it was developing and growing into a Hong Kongese neighborhood, however the growth slowed down later on during the 1980s–90s.<ref name="Skeldon1994">{{cite book |author=Ronald Skeldon |title=Reluctant Exiles?: Migration from Hong Kong and the New Overseas Chinese |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1JFiyWCjrOQC&pg=PA256 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |year=1994 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=978-962-209-334-8 |pages=256–}}</ref><ref name="ChanPostiglione1996">{{cite book |author1=Ming K. Chan |author2=Gerard A. Postiglione |title=The Hong Kong Reader: Passage to Chinese Sovereignty |url=https://archive.org/details/hongkongreaderpa00ming |url-access=registration |access-date=July 25, 2012 |year=1996 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-1-56324-870-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hongkongreaderpa00ming/page/174 174]–}}</ref>

Through the 1970s and 1980s, the influx of Guangdong and Hong Kong immigrants began to develop newer portions of Manhattan's Chinatown going north of Canal Street and then later the east of [[the Bowery]]. However, until the 1980s, the western section was the most primarily fully Chinese developed and populated part of Chinatown and the most quickly flourishing busy central Chinese business district with still a little bit of remaining Italians in the very northwest portion around Grand Street and Broome Street, which eventually all moved away and became all Chinese by the 1990s.<ref name="Durham2006">{{cite book |author=Michael S. Durham |title=National Geographic Traveler: New York, 2d Ed. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARaQ_rJUz74C&pg=PT71 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=March 21, 2006 |publisher=National Geographic Books |isbn=978-0-7922-5370-9 |pages=71– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171504/https://books.google.com/books?id=ARaQ_rJUz74C&pg=PT71#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bramblett2003">{{cite book |author=Reid Bramblett |title=Frommer's Memorable Walks in New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6n3U_yFnyBIC&pg=PA29 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=August 20, 2003 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-7645-5641-8 |pages=29– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171404/https://books.google.com/books?id=6n3U_yFnyBIC&pg=PA29 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Singer1981">{{cite book |author=Isaac Bashevis Singer |title=A Crown of Feathers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-YGEb73h7fAC&pg=PA135 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=April 1, 1981 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-374-51624-6 |pages=135– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171506/https://books.google.com/books?id=-YGEb73h7fAC&pg=PA135 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although the portion of Chinatown that is east of the Bowery—which is considered part of the Lower East Side already started developing as being part of Chinatown since the influx of Chinese immigrants started spilling over into that section since the 1960s, however until the 1980s, it was still not developing as quickly as the western portion of Chinatown because the proportion and concentration of Chinese residents in the eastern section during that time was comparatively growing at a slower rate and being more scattered than the western section in addition to the fact that there was a higher proportion of remaining non-Chinese residents consisting of Jewish, Puerto Ricans, and a few Italians and African Americans than Chinatown's western section.<ref name="Inc1959">{{cite book |author=Time Inc |title=LIFE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bUkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=September 7, 1959 |publisher=Time Inc |pages=36– |issn=0024-3019 |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171448/https://books.google.com/books?id=bUkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the 1970s and 1980s, the eastern portion of Chinatown east of the Bowery was a very quiet section, and despite fears of crime, it was seen as attractive because of the availability of vacant affordable apartments.<ref name="Mele2000">{{cite book |author=Christopher Mele |title=Selling the Lower East Side: Culture, Real Estate, and Resistance in New York City |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gREBJiuIeoC&pg=PA138 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=March 15, 2000 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-3181-0 |pages=138– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171406/https://books.google.com/books?id=6gREBJiuIeoC&pg=PA138#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Chinese female garment workers were especially targets of crime and often left work together to protect each other as they were heading home.<ref name="Bao2001">{{cite book |author=Xiaolan Bao |title=Holding Up More Than Half the Sky: Chinese Women Garment Workers in New York City, 1948–92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_-KjLInXdsC&pg=PA216 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |year=2001 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-02631-7 |pages=216– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171426/https://books.google.com/books?id=5_-KjLInXdsC&pg=PA216#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Willett1996">{{cite book |author=Ralph Willett |title=The Naked City: Urban Crime Fiction in the USA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxoNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA68 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |year=1996 |publisher=Manchester University Press ND |isbn=978-0-7190-4301-7 |pages=68– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171911/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxoNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA68 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DempseyForst2011">{{cite book |author1=John S. Dempsey |author2=Linda S. Forst |title=An Introduction to Policing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmUwsHp8m1wC&pg=PA266 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=January 1, 2011 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-111-13772-4 |pages=266– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171929/https://books.google.com/books?id=PmUwsHp8m1wC&pg=PA266 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lin2005">{{cite book |author=Jan Lin |title=The Urban Sociology Reader |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOx34MBcHDMC&pg=PA312 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=September 20, 2005 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-32342-0 |pages=312– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171929/https://books.google.com/books?id=MOx34MBcHDMC&pg=PA312#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mendelsohn2009">{{cite book |author=Joyce Mendelsohn |title=The Lower East Side Remembered and Revisited: A History and Guide to a Legendary New York Neighborhood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FmQLYB4h6MC&pg=PA29 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=September 1, 2009 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-14761-3 |pages=29– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314172043/https://books.google.com/books?id=9FmQLYB4h6MC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 1985, a gang-related shooting injured seven people, including a 4-year-old boy, at 30 East Broadway in Chinatown. Two males, who were 15 and 16 years old and were members of a Chinese street gang, were arrested and convicted.<ref>Greer, William R. [https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/25/nyregion/chinatown-youth-arrested-in-shooting-that-injured-7.html Chinatown youth arrested in shooting that injured 7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019152853/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/25/nyregion/chinatown-youth-arrested-in-shooting-that-injured-7.html |date=October 19, 2021 }}, ''The New York Times'', May 25, 1985.</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/13/nyregion/2-in-a-chinatown-gang-convicted-in-shootings.html 2 in a Chinatown Gang Convicted in Shootings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811032254/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/13/nyregion/2-in-a-chinatown-gang-convicted-in-shootings.html |date=August 11, 2018 }}, ''The New York Times'', May 13, 1986.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/14/realestate/satellite-chinatowns-burgeon-throughout-new-york.html |title=Satellite Chinatowns Burgeon Throughout New York |date=September 14, 1986 |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 6, 2017 |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202121834/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/14/realestate/satellite-chinatowns-burgeon-throughout-new-york.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/genyc/2018/05/10/why-the-change/|title=Why the Change? – Gentrification in NYC &#124; Rosenberg 2018|website=eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu|access-date=April 10, 2019|archive-date=April 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410144144/https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/genyc/2018/05/10/why-the-change/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many [[Hoa people|Chinese Vietnamese]], [[Laotian Chinese]], [[Chinese Cambodians]], and [[Malaysian Chinese]] immigrants also settled into the neighborhood as well.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q9SP0NEhPV8C&dq=vietnamese+immigrants+on+east+broadway+chinatown&pg=PA29 | isbn=9780472021444 | title=Democracy's Promise: Immigrants and American Civic Institutions | date=December 18, 2008 | publisher=University of Michigan Press | access-date=March 18, 2023 | archive-date=June 20, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620122122/https://books.google.com/books?id=q9SP0NEhPV8C&dq=vietnamese+immigrants+on+east+broadway+chinatown&pg=PA29 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wENIAQAAIAAJ&dq=malaysian+chinese+people+in+nyc+chinatown&pg=PA8 | title=Behavioral Causes of Census Undercount, New York City's Chinatown: Final Report for Joint Statistical Agreement 89-39 | year=1991 | publisher=Center for Survey Methods Research, Bureau of the Census | access-date=March 18, 2023 | archive-date=June 20, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620122123/https://books.google.com/books?id=wENIAQAAIAAJ&dq=malaysian+chinese+people+in+nyc+chinatown&pg=PA8 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Starting in the 1970s, Mandarin-speaking Taiwanese immigrants and then many other Non-Cantonese Chinese immigrants also were arriving into New York City. However, due to the traditional dominance of Cantonese-speaking residents, which were largely working class in Manhattan's Chinatown and the neighborhood's poor housing conditions, they were unable to relate to Manhattan's Chinatown and mainly settled in Flushing, creating a more middle class [[Chinatown, Flushing|Mandarin Town]] and an even smaller one in Elmhurst. As a result, Manhattan's Chinatown and Brooklyn's emerging Chinatown were able to continue retaining its traditional, almost-exclusive Cantonese society. However, there was already a small and slow-growing [[Fuzhounese Americans|Fuzhou immigrant]] population in Manhattan's Chinatown since the 1970s–80s in the eastern section of Chinatown east of the Bowery. In the 1990s, though, Chinese people began to move into some parts of the western [[Lower East Side]], which 50 years earlier was populated by [[Eastern European Jews]] and 20 years earlier was occupied by [[Hispanic people|Hispanics]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

===={{Anchor|Emergence of Little Fuzhou(小福州) / Fuzhou Town(福州埠)}}Little Fuzhou====
{{main|Little Fuzhou}}
[[File:Fukien American.jpg|thumb|The [[Fujian|Fukien American]] Association on [[East Broadway (Manhattan)|East Broadway]] in [[Little Fuzhou]]]]
From the late 1980s through the 1990s, when a large influx of immigrants from Fuzhou, who largely also spoke Mandarin along with their native Fuzhou dialect began moving into [[New York City]], they were the only exceptional group of Chinese that were non-Cantonese to largely settle into Manhattan's Chinatown. Due to the fact that the Chinatown area were mostly populated by Cantonese speakers, the Fuzhou speaking immigrants had a lot of trouble relating to the neighborhood linguistically and culturally and as a result, they settled on the eastern borderline of Manhattan's Chinatown east of The Bowery, which during that time was more of an overlapping population of Chinese, Puerto Ricans, and Jewish as well as had significant vacant apartment units and were more affordable than in the more Mandarin-speaking enclaves in Flushing and Elmhurst, and many Fuzhou immigrants had no legal status and being forced into the lowest paying jobs. As they settled in the eastern borderline of Chinatown along East Broadway and Eldridge Street, it became fully part of Chinatown and slowly through the 1990s it would develop into being Little Fuzhou. This has resulted in referring to East Broadway as Fuzhou Street No. 1, which emerged during the late 1980s and early 1990s, and Eldridge Street as Fuzhou Street No. 2, which developed during the mid-1990s and early 2000s. [[Little Fuzhou]] became known as a new Chinatown, separate from the older, more Cantonese-dominated Chinatown from The Bowery going west, though there are still a little bit of remaining long time Cantonese residents and businesses in and around what is now the Little Fuzhou enclave.<ref name="Tsui2009">{{cite book |author=Bonnie Tsui |title=American Chinatown: A People's History of Five Neighborhoods |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VpTuJeqbGR4C&pg=PA69 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=August 11, 2009 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4165-5723-4 |pages=69– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171913/https://books.google.com/books?id=VpTuJeqbGR4C&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Chin1999">{{cite book |author=Ko-Lin Chin |title=Smuggled Chinese: Clandestine Immigration to the United States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7gxBEkvPIxUC |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=December 9, 1999 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-56639-733-9 |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314172027/https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=7gxBEkvPIxUC&redir_esc=y |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|20}}

Not only did the Fuzhou immigration influx establish a new portion of Manhattan's Chinatown, they contributed significantly in maintaining the Chinese population in the neighborhood. They also played a role in [[real estate appraisal|property values]] increasing quickly during the 1990s, in contrast to during the 1980s, when the housing prices were dropping. As a result, landlords were able to generate twice as much income in Manhattan's, Flushing's, and Brooklyn's Chinatowns.<ref name="Zhao2010" />{{rp|114}}

Since the 2010s, gentrification has been setting into the Chinatown neighborhood including the Little Fuzhou enclave. Large numbers of Fuzhou speakers have been rapidly moving out of Manhattan's Chinatown with many shifting to Brooklyn's Chinatown in Sunset Park, which has now overwhelmingly taken over as the largest Fuzhou community of [[New York City]]. Many Fuzhou owned businesses have now closed with increasing numbers of storefronts becoming vacant in the enclave and is now increasingly becoming quieter with fewer and fewer consumers walking around.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://voicesofny.org/2014/11/employment-agencies-chinatown-shrinking/|title=Voices of New York – Employment agencies in Chinatown are Shrinking|date=November 2014|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=January 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126085352/http://voicesofny.org/2014/11/employment-agencies-chinatown-shrinking/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://voicesofny.org/2018/07/the-decline-of-east-broadway/|title=Why Does the Decline of East Broadway happen in Chinatown|date=July 17, 2018|author=Xiaoning Chen|language=zh, en|access-date=December 28, 2020|archive-date=May 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527134505/https://voicesofny.org/2018/07/the-decline-of-east-broadway/|url-status=dead}} <!-- (Translation by Rong Xiaoqing to English, and archive url can be found [https://m.blog.naver.com/jdyi8589/221340704329 here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107170153/https://m.blog.naver.com/jdyi8589/221340704329 |date=November 7, 2021 }}) --></ref><ref name="auto5">{{cite web|url=https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/genyc/2018/05/10/a-tale-of-two-chinatowns/|date=May 10, 2018|title=A Tale of Two Chinatowns – Gentrification in NYC {{!}} Rosenburg2018|author=Y. Xiang, ? Rosenburg|access-date=April 11, 2019|archive-date=January 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119193235/https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/genyc/2018/05/10/a-tale-of-two-chinatowns/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=November 22, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VT8idZrIE4c | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/VT8idZrIE4c| archive-date=December 11, 2021 | url-status=live|title=美國紐約曼哈頓華埠東百老匯（福州街怡東樓商場）現狀 。Current status of East Broadway Chinatown in Manhattan, New York |publisher=龍卷風Yun Ni歡迎訂閱 |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=October 26, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=August 27, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVLjNglC8zk |title=紐約生活紀實｜逛福州人唐人街-東百老匯的"小福州", 包括怡東商場旁的市集攤販; 買陶瓷餐具; 包厘街蘭州拉麵將結束營業! |publisher=在水一方 Living Overseas |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203025319/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVLjNglC8zk |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=October 12, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=usfnSa9EOAg | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/usfnSa9EOAg| archive-date=December 11, 2021 | url-status=live|title=美國疫情嚴重 紐約中國城 福州人 團結努力讓人佩服 {{!}}{{!}} Street Walk in New York {{!}}{{!}} Chinatown |publisher=StreetWalkNYC紐約現狀 |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=October 26, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldjournal.com/wj/story/121382/4881829|title=新怡東關門 東百老匯商戶心慌|website=世界新聞網|access-date=December 28, 2020|archive-date=March 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171916/https://www.worldjournal.com/wj/e404|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=September 28, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1DLaUowYw4 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/P1DLaUowYw4| archive-date=December 11, 2021 | url-status=live|title=88 Palace of Chinatown is closing for good, no more clubbing 怡东酒楼关门与怡东商场近况 (2020/9/27) |publisher=Tech Explores NYC |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=October 26, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=November 22, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7nmbQeKceQ | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/o7nmbQeKceQ| archive-date=December 11, 2021 | url-status=live|title=疫情如此严重的时候，纽约唐人街福州乡亲的东百老汇是怎样的？ |publisher=紐約巡城馬 |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=October 26, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=December 15, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4JY40VIh8go |title=紐約生活紀實｜疫情二度衝擊下的曼哈頓東百老匯 (又稱福州街, 小福州, 福州人唐人街) 和怡東商場 |publisher=在水一方 Living Overseas |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921030615/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4JY40VIh8go |archive-date=September 21, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Migration to Brooklyn Chinatown====
The increasing Fuzhou influx had shifted into the [[Brooklyn Chinatown]] in the [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]] section of [[Brooklyn]]. This shift replaces the Cantonese population throughout Brooklyn's Sunset Park Chinatown significantly more rapidly than in Manhattan's Chinatown.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/16/nyregion/influx-of-chinese-immigrants-is-reshaping-large-parts-of-brooklyn.html| title=With an Influx of Newcomers, Little Chinatowns Dot a Changing Brooklyn| newspaper=The New York Times| date=April 15, 2015| last1=Robbins| first1=Liz| access-date=October 23, 2019| archive-date=April 16, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416111153/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/16/nyregion/influx-of-chinese-immigrants-is-reshaping-large-parts-of-brooklyn.html| url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gentrification]] in Manhattan's Chinatown has slowed the growth of Fuzhou immigration as well as the growth of Chinese immigrants to Manhattan in general,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=A Tale of Two Chinatowns – Gentrification in NYC &#124; Rosenberg 2018|url=https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/genyc/2018/05/10/a-tale-of-two-chinatowns/|website=eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu|access-date=April 11, 2019|archive-date=January 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119193235/https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/genyc/2018/05/10/a-tale-of-two-chinatowns/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="kwong">{{cite news |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/16/answers-about-the-gentrification-of-chinatown/ |first=Peter |last=Kwong |work=The New York Times |title=Answers About the Gentrification of Chinatown |agency=City Room (blog) |date=September 16, 2009 |access-date=June 6, 2014 |archive-date=October 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012111759/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/16/answers-about-the-gentrification-of-chinatown/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which is why New York City's rapidly growing Chinese population has now shifted primarily to the boroughs of [[Queens]] and Brooklyn.

Some Chinese [[landlord]]s in Manhattan, especially the many real estate agencies that are mainly of Cantonese ownership, were accused of prejudice against the Fuzhou immigrants, supposedly making Fuzhou immigrants feel unwelcome because concerns that they would not be able to pay rent or debt to gangs that may have helped smuggled them in illegally into the United States, and because of fear that gangs will come up to the apartments to cause trouble.<ref name="Zhao2010">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Xiaojian |year=2010 |title=The New Chinese America: Class, Economy, and Social Hierarchy |location=New Brunswick, N.J. |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=9780813549125 |oclc=642200646 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6glk5aF8FQYC |access-date=June 6, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|108}}<ref name="Sweatshop USA">{{Cite book |last=Bao |first=Xiaolan |chapter=Sweatshops in Sunset Park: A Variation of the Late Twentieth Century Chinese Garment Shops in New York City |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xm2rhPCjPrAC&pg=PA133 |year=2003 |title=Sweatshop USA: The American Sweatshop in Historical and Global Perspective |editor=Daniel E. Bender |editor2=Richard A. Greenwald|location=New York |publisher=Routledge |page=133 |isbn=9780415935616 |oclc=52166009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xm2rhPCjPrAC |access-date=June 6, 2014}}</ref> There is also supposedly a concern that Fujianese are more likely to make the apartments too overcrowded by subdividing an apartment into multiple small spaces to rent to other Fuzhou immigrants. This could also be particularly seen on [[East Broadway (Manhattan)|East Broadway]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indypressny.org/nycma/voices/270/news/news_2/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802045418/http://www.indypressny.org/nycma/voices/270/news/news_2/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 2, 2012 |title=High demand for illegal Chinatown apartments |author=Jian-Cuo, World Journal, May 9, 2007, then translated from Chinese by Connie Kong |date=May 17, 2007 |publisher=New York Community Media Alliance |access-date=October 1, 2012}}</ref>

Although Mandarin is spoken as a native language among only 10 percent of Chinese speakers in Manhattan's Chinatown, it is used as a secondary [[dialect]] among the greatest number of them. Although [[Min Chinese]], especially the [[Fuzhou dialect]], is spoken natively by a third of the Chinese population in the city, it is not used as a lingua franca because speakers of other dialect groups do not learn Min.<ref name="Garcia">{{Cite book |last=García |first=Ofelia |author2=Fishman, Joshua A. |title=The Multilingual Apple: Languages in New York City |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2002 |isbn=3-11-017281-X}}</ref>

===={{Anchor|Little Hong Kong(小香港)/Little Guangdong/(小廣東)/Cantonese Town (廣東埠)}}Little Hong Kong/Guangdong====
{{main|Mott Street#Little Hong Kong#Guangdong}}
[[File:New York City Chinatown Celebration 004.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|[[Chinese New Year]] celebration in Chinatown]]
As the epicenter of the massive Fuzhou influx has shifted to [[Brooklyn]] in the 2000s, Manhattan's Chinatown's Cantonese population remains viable and large and successfully continues to retain its stable Cantonese community identity, maintaining the communal gathering venue established decades ago in the western portion of Chinatown, to shop, work, and socialize—in contrast to the Cantonese population and community identity which are shifting from Brooklyn's original Sunset Park Chinatown to the satellite Chinatowns in Brooklyn.

Although the term Little Hong Kong was used a long time ago to describe Manhattan's Chinatown relating to when an influx of Hong Kong immigrants was pouring in at that time and even though not all Cantonese immigrants come from Hong Kong, this portion of Chinatown has heavy Cantonese characteristics, especially with the [[Standard Cantonese]], which is spoken in Hong Kong and [[Guangzhou, China]] being widely used, so it is in many ways a ''Little Hong Kong''.

A more appropriate term would be Little Guangdong-Hong Kong or [[Mott Street|Cantonese-Hong Kong Town]] since the Cantonese immigrants do come from different regions of the [[Guangdong]] province of China including [[Hong Kong]]. The long-time established Cantonese Community, which can be considered [[Mott Street (Manhattan)|Little Hong Kong/Guang Dong]] or known as the Old Chinatown of Manhattan lies along Mott, Pell, Doyer, Bayard, Elizabeth, Mulberry, Canal, and Bowery Streets, within Manhattan's Chinatown.<ref name="Durham2006"/><ref name="Bramblett2003"/>

Newer satellite Little Guangdong-Hong Kong has started to emerge in sections of Bensonhurst and Sheepshead Bay/Homecrest in Brooklyn. However, there are more scattered and mixed in with other ethnic enclaves. This is a result of many Cantonese residents migrating to these neighborhoods. Bensonhurst carries the majority of Brooklyn's Cantonese enclaves/population. Originally, the Sunset Park Chinatown was a small satellite of Manhattan's Western Cantonese Chinatown, but since the 2000s, Cantonese speakers in Brooklyn have been largely shifting to and concentrating in Bensonhurst and Sheepshead Bay/Homecrest while the Sunset Park Chinatown has largely grown into being a very large Fuzhou speaking enclave.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web| url=https://www.nydailynews.com/changing-chinatowns-move-manhattan-sunset-park-home-chinese-nyc-article-1.948028| title=The changing Chinatowns: Move over Manhattan, Sunset Park now home to most Chinese in NYC| website=[[New York Daily News]]| date=August 5, 2011| access-date=October 23, 2019| archive-date=February 16, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216135009/https://www.nydailynews.com/changing-chinatowns-move-manhattan-sunset-park-home-chinese-nyc-article-1.948028| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/16/nyregion/influx-of-chinese-immigrants-is-reshaping-large-parts-of-brooklyn.html|title=With an Influx of Newcomers, Little Chinatowns Dot a Changing Brooklyn|first=Liz|last=Robbins|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 15, 2015|access-date=October 23, 2019|archive-date=April 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416111153/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/16/nyregion/influx-of-chinese-immigrants-is-reshaping-large-parts-of-brooklyn.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=68UtCgAAQBAJ&dq=vietnamese+immigrants+on+east+broadway+chinatown&pg=PA226 | isbn=9781136909863 | title=The Power of Urban Ethnic Places: Cultural Heritage and Community Life | date=October 18, 2010 | publisher=Routledge | access-date=March 18, 2023 | archive-date=June 20, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620122120/https://books.google.com/books?id=68UtCgAAQBAJ&dq=vietnamese+immigrants+on+east+broadway+chinatown&pg=PA226 | url-status=live }}</ref>

====Fuzhounese-Cantonese relations====
The Fuzhou immigration pattern started out in the 1970s, like the Cantonese immigration during the late 1800s to early 1900s that had established Manhattan's Chinatown on Mott Street, Pell Street, and Doyers Street. The immigrants were initially mostly men who later brought their families over. The beginning influx of Fuzhou immigrants arriving during the 1980s and 1990s were entering into a Chinese community that was extremely Cantonese dominated. Due to the Fuzhou immigrants having no legal status and inability to speak Cantonese, many were denied jobs in Chinatown as a result, causing many of them to resort to crimes. There was a lot of Cantonese resentment against Fuzhou immigrants arriving into Chinatown.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/12/nyregion/neighborhood-report-chinatown-latest-wave-of-immigrants-is-splitting-chinatown.html |work=The New York Times |first=Jane H. |last=Lii |title=Neighborhood Report: Chinatown; Latest Wave of Immigrants Is Splitting Chinatown |date=June 12, 1994 |access-date=February 6, 2017 |archive-date=December 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206191904/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/12/nyregion/neighborhood-report-chinatown-latest-wave-of-immigrants-is-splitting-chinatown.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="RosenbergDunford2011">{{cite book |author1=Andrew Rosenberg |author2=Martin Dunford |title=The Rough Guide to New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZ0z8ZSwQ-sC&pg=PA81 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=January 1, 2011 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4053-8565-7 |pages=81–}}</ref><ref name="KyleKoslowski2001">{{cite book |author1=David Kyle |author2=Rey Koslowski |title=Global Human Smuggling: Comparative Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5blzwmEvZG4C&pg=PA236 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=May 11, 2001 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-6590-9 |pages=236– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314172459/https://books.google.com/books?id=5blzwmEvZG4C&pg=PA236#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Guest2003">{{cite book |author=Kenneth J. Guest |title=God in Chinatown: Religion and Survival in New York's Evolving Immigrant Community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mneekyUrfMgC&pg=PP11 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=August 1, 2003 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-3154-3 |pages=11– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314172502/https://books.google.com/books?id=mneekyUrfMgC&pg=PP11 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kwong1996">{{cite book |author=Peter Kwong |title=The New Chinatown: Revised Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCdIyDPA57MC&pg=PA3 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=July 30, 1996 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-8090-1585-6 |pages=3– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314172502/https://books.google.com/books?id=rCdIyDPA57MC&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HainesRosenblum1999">{{cite book |author1=David W. Haines |author2=Karen Elaine Rosenblum |title=Illegal Immigration in America: A Reference Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tp-tipFRyyMC&pg=PA295 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |year=1999 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-30436-1 |pages=295– |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314172450/https://books.google.com/books?id=tp-tipFRyyMC&pg=PA295 |url-status=live }}</ref>