Editing Child labour (section)

===21st century===
{{See also|Children's rights}}
[[File:Enfants au travail dans le monde.png|thumb|upright=2.0|Map for child labour worldwide in the 10–14 age group, in 2003, per World Bank data.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://data.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/wdi05fulltext.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810035500/http://data.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/wdi05fulltext.pdf|url-status=dead|chapter=Table 2.8: Assessing Vulnerability |pages=77–79 |title=2005 World Development Indicators |publisher=The World Bank|archivedate=10 August 2013}}</ref> The data is incomplete, as many countries do not collect or report child labour data (coloured gray). The colour code is as follows: yellow (<10% of children working), green (10–20%), orange (20–30%), red (30–40%) and black (>40%). Some nations such as [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Mali]] and [[Ethiopia]] have more than half of all children aged 5–14 at work to help provide for their families.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Child Statistics|website=UNICEF DATA |url=http://www.childinfo.org/labour_countrydata.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630033018/|archive-date=30 June 2012}}</ref>]]

Child labour is still common in many parts of the world. Estimates for child labour vary. It ranges between 250 and 304 million, if children aged 5–17 involved in any economic activity are counted. If light occasional work is excluded, ILO estimates there were 153 million child labourers aged 5–14 worldwide in 2008. This is about 20 million less than ILO estimate for child labourers in 2004. Some 60 per cent of the child labour was involved in agricultural activities such as farming, dairy, fisheries and forestry. Another 25% of child labourers were in service activities such as retail, hawking goods, restaurants, load and transfer of goods, storage, picking and recycling trash, polishing shoes, domestic help, and other services. The remaining 15% laboured in assembly and manufacturing in informal economy, home-based enterprises, factories, mines, packaging salt, operating machinery, and such operations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Child labour in Kyrgyz coal mines |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6955202.stm |access-date=2007-08-25 | date=24 August 2007 |first=Natalia |last=Antelava}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Global child labour developments: Measuring trends from 2004 to 2008|author1=Yacouba Diallo |author2=Frank Hagemann |author3=Alex Etienne |author4=Yonca Gurbuzer |author5=Farhad Mehran |publisher=ILO|year=2010|isbn=978-92-2-123522-4}}</ref><ref name="unicef">{{cite web |title=The State of the World's Children 1997 |work=UNICEF |url=http://www.unicef.org/sowc97/report/ |access-date=2007-04-15 |archive-date=9 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809110938/http://www.unicef.org/sowc97/report/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Two out of three child workers work alongside their parents, in unpaid family work situations. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants. Child labour predominantly occurs in the rural areas (70%) and informal urban sector (26%).

Contrary to popular belief, most child labourers are employed by their parents rather than in manufacturing or formal economy. Children who work for pay or in-kind compensation are usually found in rural settings as opposed to urban centres. Less than 3% of child labour aged 5–14 across the world work outside their household, or away from their parents.<ref name="ep05" />

Child labour accounts for 22% of the workforce in Asia, 32% in Africa, 17% in Latin America, 1% in the US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/237384/toolkitfr/pdf/facts.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717172418/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/237384/toolkitfr/pdf/facts.pdf|url-status=unfit|title=Facts and figures on child labour|archive-date=2007-07-17|website=info.worldbank.org}}</ref> The proportion of child labourers varies greatly among countries and even regions inside those countries. Africa has the highest percentage of children aged 5–17 employed as child labour, and a total of over 65 million. Asia, with its larger population, has the largest number of children employed as child labour at about 114 million. Latin America and the Caribbean region have lower overall population density, but at 14 million child labourers has high incidence rates too.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Tackling child labour: From commitment to action|title=[[International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour]] |publisher= ILO|year=2012|isbn=978-92-2-126374-6|chapter-url=http://www.ilo.org/ipec/Informationresources/WCMS_181875/lang--en/index.htm}}</ref>

[[File:Tyre shop worker1.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A boy repairing a tire in [[Gambia]]]]
Accurate present day child labour information is difficult to obtain because of disagreements between data sources as to what constitutes child labour. In some countries, government policy contributes to this difficulty. For example, the overall extent of child labour in China is unclear due to the government categorising child labour data as "highly secret".<ref>{{cite web|title=Children's Rights: China|publisher=Law Library of Congress, United States|year=2012|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/china.php#Child%20Labour%20and%20Exploitation}}</ref> China has enacted regulations to prevent child labour; still, the practice of child labour is reported to be a persistent problem within China, generally in agriculture and low-skill service sectors as well as small workshops and manufacturing enterprises.<ref>{{cite web|title=The dark side of labour in China|last=Lepillez |first=Karine|year=2009 |url=http://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/slavery/china.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=China: End Child Labour in State Schools |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=4 December 2007 |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2007/12/02/china-end-child-labour-state-schools |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111234752/http://www.hrw.org/news/2007/12/02/china-end-child-labour-state-schools |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}</ref>

In 2014, the [[U.S. Department of Labor]] issued a ''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'', where China was attributed 12 goods, the majority of which were produced by both underage children and indentured labourers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|website=www.dol.gov |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140708063021/https://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/ |archive-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> The report listed electronics, garments, toys, and coal, among other goods.

The Maplecroft Child Labour Index 2012 survey<ref>{{cite web|title=Conflict and economic downturn cause global increase in reported child labour violations – 40% of countries now rated 'extreme risk' by Maplecroft|date=5 January 2012|publisher=Maplecroft|url=http://maplecroft.com/about/news/child_labour_2012.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120111090517/http://maplecroft.com/about/news/child_labour_2012.html |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref> reports that 76 countries pose extreme child labour complicity risks for companies operating worldwide. The ten highest risk countries in 2012, ranked in decreasing order, were: Myanmar, North Korea, Somalia, Sudan, DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Burundi, Pakistan and Ethiopia. Of the major growth economies, Maplecroft ranked Philippines 25th riskiest, India 27th, China 36th, Vietnam 37th, Indonesia 46th, and Brazil 54th, all of them rated to involve extreme risks of child labour uncertainties, to corporations seeking to invest in developing world and import products from emerging markets.