Editing Chicano (section)

=== Xicanisma ===
{{Main|Xicanisma}}
[[File:Ana Castillo by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|203x203px|[[Ana Castillo]] coined ''Xicanisma'' to reflect a shift in consciousness since the Chicano Movement.<ref name="Lerate-2007" />]]
''[[Xicanisma]]'' was coined by [[Ana Castillo]] in ''Massacre of the Dreamers'' (1994) as a recognition of a shift in consciousness since the Chicano Movement and to reinvigorate [[Chicana feminism]].<ref name="Lerate-2007">{{Cite book|title=Critical Essays on Chicano Studies|last1=Lerate|first1=Jesús|last2=Ángeles Toda Iglesia|first2=María|publisher=Peter Lang AG|year=2007|isbn=9783039112814|page=26|chapter=Entrevista con Ana Castillo}}</ref> The aim of Xicanisma is not to replace [[patriarchy]] with [[matriarchy]], but to create "a nonmaterialistic and nonexploitive society in which feminine principles of nurturing and community prevail"; where the feminine is reinserted into our consciousness [[Coloniality of gender|rather than subordinated by colonization]].<ref name="Acampora-Cotten-2007">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/72699085 |title=Unmaking race, remaking soul: transformative aesthetics and the practice of freedom |date=2007 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |first1=Christa |last1=Davis Acampora|first2=Trystan T. |last2=Cotten |isbn=9780791471616 |location=Albany, NY |pages=42–43 |oclc=72699085}}</ref><ref name="Aviles-2018">{{Cite book |last=Aviles |first=E. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1076485572 |title=Contemporary U.S. Latinx literature in Spanish : straddling identities |date=2018 |others=Michele Shaul, Kathryn Quinn-Sánchez, Amrita Das |isbn=9783030025984 |location=Cham, Switzerland |pages=30–31 |oclc=1076485572}}</ref> The ''X'' reflects the ''Sh'' sound in [[Mesoamerican languages]] (such as ''[[Tlaxcala]]'', which is pronounced ''Tlash-KAH-lah''),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adams |first=Richard E. W. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58975830 |title=Prehistoric Mesoamerica |date=2005 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=0-8061-3702-9 |edition=3rd |location=Norman |page=433 |oclc=58975830 |quote=Sixteenth-century Spanish was different from modern Spanish and had an x used to represent the sh sound. Thus, Tlaxcala is Tlash-KAH-lah and Texcoco is Tesh-KOH-koh.}}</ref> and so marked this sound with a letter X.<ref name="Baca-2008" /> More than a letter, the ''X'' in Xicanisma is also a symbol to represent being at a literal [[Intersection (road)|crossroads]] or otherwise embodying [[hybridity]].<ref name="Acampora-Cotten-2007" /><ref name="Aviles-2018" />
[[File:Xicano (5720815588).jpg|left|thumb|219x219px|A man with ''Xicano'' on his shirt.]]
''Xicanisma'' acknowledges Indigenous survival after [[European colonization of the Americas|hundreds of years of colonization]] and the need to reclaim one's Indigenous roots while also being "committed to the struggle for liberation of all oppressed people", wrote Francesca A. López.<ref name="López-2017" /> Activists like [[Guillermo Gómez-Peña]], issued "a call for a return to the Amerindian roots of most Latinos as well as a call for a strategic alliance to give agency to Native American groups."<ref name="Velasco-2002" /> This can include one's [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico|Indigenous roots from Mexico]] "as well as those with roots centered in Central and South America," wrote Francisco Rios.<ref name="Rios-2013">{{Cite journal|last=Rios|first=Francisco|date=Spring 2013|title=From Chicano/a to Xicana/o: Critical Activist Teaching Revisited|url= |journal=Multicultural Education|volume=20|pages=59–61|id={{ProQuest|1495448383}} {{Gale|A411196911}} }}</ref> Castillo argued that this shift in language was important because "language is the vehicle by which we perceive ourselves in relation to the world".<ref name="Aviles-2018" />
[[File:Luis J Rodriguez NBCC Awards (cropped).jpg|thumb|187x187px|[[Luis J. Rodriguez]] refers to ''[[Xicanx]]'' as important for [[gender non-conforming]] Mexican Americans.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=5 February 2020 |title=Author Luis J. Rodriguez "From Our Land to Our Land" |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2020-02-05/luis-rodriguez-from-our-land-to-our-land |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=2020-10-20 |archive-date=2020-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020034551/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2020-02-05/luis-rodriguez-from-our-land-to-our-land |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Among a minority of Mexican Americans, the term ''[[Xicanx]]'' may be used to refer to [[gender non-conformity]]. [[Luis J. Rodriguez]] states that "even though most US Mexicans may not use this term," that it can be important for gender non-conforming [[Mexican Americans]].<ref name="Rodriguez-2020" /> ''Xicanx'' may destabilize aspects of the [[coloniality of gender]] in Mexican American communities.<ref>{{Cite book|last=DiPietro|first=Pedro J.|title=Theories of the Flesh: Latinx and Latin American Feminisms, Transformation, and Resistance|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2020|isbn=9780190062996|page=226|chapter=Hallucinating Knowledge: (Extra)ordinary Consciousness, More-Than-Human Perception, and Other Decolonizing Remedios with Latina and Xicana Feminist Theories}}</ref><ref>Zepeda, Susy. "Decolonizing Xicana/x Studies." ''Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies'' 45, no. 1 (2020).</ref><ref>Luna, Jennie, and Gabriel S. Estrada. "Trans* lating the Genderqueer-X through Caxcan, Nahua, and Xicanx Indígena Knowledge." ''Decolonizing Latinx Masculinities'' (2020): 251.</ref> Artist Roy Martinez states that it is not "bound to the feminine or masculine aspects" and that it may be "inclusive to anyone who identifies with it".<ref name="Calderón-Douglass-2016">{{Cite web|title=Meet the Artist Bringing Queer and Chicano Culture Together in a Glorious NSFW Mashup|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/lambe-culo-brings-queer-and-chicano-culture-together-with-nsfw-internet-art-456/|last=Calderón-Douglass|first=Barbara|date=16 March 2016|website=Vice|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=19 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919150152/https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/8gkpk4/lambe-culo-brings-queer-and-chicano-culture-together-with-nsfw-internet-art-456|url-status=live}}</ref> Some prefer the -e suffix ''Xicane'' in order to be more in-line with Spanish-speaking language constructs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harbaugh |first=Stacy |title=Non-binary Xicane Benji Ramirez challenges out Alder Patrick Heck for District 2 seat |url=https://ourliveswisconsin.com/article/non-binary-xicane-benji-ramirez-challenges-out-alder-patrick-heck-for-district-2-seat/ |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=Our Lives |archive-date=2023-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113212421/https://ourliveswisconsin.com/article/non-binary-xicane-benji-ramirez-challenges-out-alder-patrick-heck-for-district-2-seat/ |url-status=live }}</ref>