Editing Chauci (section)

==Sea raiding==
The Chauci were one of the most prominent early Germanic sea raiders.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Haywood|1999|pp=15}}, ''Dark Age Naval Power''.</ref> They are probable participants in the Germanic flotilla that was destroyed by [[Nero Claudius Drusus|Drusus]] in 12&nbsp;BC. They were raiding the coasts of Roman [[Gallia Belgica|Belgica]] in AD&nbsp;41,<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Haywood|1999|pp=21}}, ''Dark Age Naval Power''.</ref> long before they participated in further raids of the same coasts under Gannascus in AD&nbsp;47. It is likely that their raiding was endemic over the years, as the few surviving accounts probably do not reflect all occurrences. [[Tacitus]] describes the Chauci as 'peaceful' in his ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'' (AD&nbsp;98), but this is in a passage describing the non-coastal, inland Chauci,<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Tacitus|98|pp=61–62}}, ''The Germany'', XXXV.</ref> whereas sea raiders are necessarily a coastal people.

By the late second century Chauci raiding was ongoing and more serious than before, continuing in the [[English Channel]] until their last recorded raids {{circa|170}}&ndash;175.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Haywood|1999|pp=28}}, ''Dark Age Naval Power''.</ref> While there are no historical sources to inform us one way or the other, it is likely that the Chauci continued their raiding and then played a role in the formation of the new Germanic powers, the [[Franks]] and [[Saxons]] who were raiders in the third century.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Haywood|1999|pp=24}}, ''Dark Age Naval Power''.</ref>

There is archaeological evidence of destruction by raiders between 170&ndash;200, ranging along the Continental coast down to the [[Bay of Biscay]], to northwest [[Belgica]] (e.g., fire destruction at [[Amiens]], [[Thérouanne]], [[Vendeuil-Caply]], [[Beauvais]], [[Bavai]], [[Tournai]], and [[Arras]]), to coastal Britain (e.g., fire destruction at the [[Essex]] sites of [[Chelmsford]], [[Billericay]], [[Gestingthorpe]], [[Braintree, Essex|Braintree]], [[Wickford]], [[Kelvedon]], [[Great Chesterford]], and [[Harlow]]). The perpetrators are unknown, but Chauci raiders are among the prime suspects.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Haywood|1999|pp=24–25}}, ''Dark Age Naval Power''.</ref>

The Romans responded with defensive measures. [[Caistor-by-Norwich]], Chelmsford and [[Forum Hadriani]] (present day [[Voorburg]]) (the ''[[civitas]]'' of the [[Cananefates|Canninefates]] near [[The Hague]]) were all fortified {{circa|200}}, and the Romans began a defensive system of protection especially along the coasts of Britain and the Continent. This system would be continually maintained and improved upon, which the Romans would not have done unless there was a continuing threat to be addressed. The system would continue to evolve through the disappearance of Chauci raiders and their replacement by the Frankish and Saxon ones, up to the end of the fourth century. By then it would be known as the [[Saxon Shore]], a name given it by the ''[[Notitia Dignitatum]]''.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Haywood|1999|pp=24–28}}, ''Dark Age Naval Power''.</ref>

A passage written by [[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]] has been interpreted as one of the last mentions of the Chauci, and one where they are specifically mentioned as a Saxon group; but it depends upon whether we can equate them with the "Kouadoi" in Zosimus's Greek, a name he had apparently used wrongly.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77MOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA42|title=Dark Age Naval Power: A Re-Assessment of Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Seafaring ...|first=John |last=Haywood|date=January 1991|page=42|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415063746}}</ref> [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] fought against Saxons and Franks, including the Salians, but then allowed the Salians "descended from the Franks" to settle in [[Toxandria]] in 358. According to Zosimus, this happened in response to an attack from the sea by the "Kouadoi" Saxons which affected both Romans and Salians, who had been living in the river delta.<ref>Zosimus ''Nova Historia'' [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus03_book3.htm Book III]</ref>